Reinforcement and the Genetics of Hybrid Incompatibilities

Lemmon, Alan R.; Kirkpatrick, Mark

doi:10.1534/genetics.105.048199

Cited by 45 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, because the rise of intrinsic genetic incompatibility is a very slow evolutionary process, for example, 2-4 million years for evolution of hybrid inviability in mammals, (Fitzpatrick, 2004b) and more than 10 million years for evolution of hybrid inviability in birds (Price and Bouvier, 2002) many diverged populations come into contact when they are, at least partly, compatible. When Speciation and sex-linked genes A Qvarnström and RI Bailey sexual isolation is incomplete, selection against hybrids may reinforce assortative mating (Dobzhansky, 1940;Lemmon and Kirkpatrick, 2006), which in turn allows the further build-up of genetic incompatibilities. Furthermore, a balance between gene flow and selection against hybrids often leads to the formation of narrow hybrid zones, reducing recombination and therefore allowing divergence between populations either side of the zone to continue (parapatric speciation; Kondrashov, 2003).…”

Section: Evolution Of Genetic Incompatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absence of X/Z recombination at many loci in the heterogametic sex may often reduce average recombination rate in the X/Z chromosome, so that sets of differentiated loci involved in reproductive isolation have a greater probability of being maintained in linkage disequilibrium if they co-occur on the X/Z chromosome. Theoretical models show that sex linkage of traits involved in both pre-and postzygotic isolation may be a favourable condition for adaptive speciation (such as reinforcement, Servedio and Saetre, 2003;Lemmon and Kirkpatrick, 2006). Saether et al (2007) tested this central prediction by using a combination of field experiments, molecular markers to assign parental species combinations, and long-term breeding data from hybrid zones of two closely related species of Ficedula flycatchers.…”

Section: Evolution Of Genetic Incompatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Speciation through evolution of sex-linked genes

2008

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Identification of genes involved in reproductive isolation opens novel ways to investigate links between stages of the speciation process. Are the genes coding for ecological adaptations and sexual isolation the same that eventually lead to hybrid sterility and inviability? We review the role of sex-linked genes at different stages of speciation based on four main differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes; (1) relative speed of evolution, (2) non-random accumulation of genes, (3) exposure of incompatible recessive genes in hybrids and (4) recombination rate. At early stages of population divergence ecological differences appear mainly determined by autosomal genes, but fastevolving sex-linked genes are likely to play an important role for the evolution of sexual isolation by coding for traits with sex-specific fitness effects (for example, primary and secondary sexual traits). Empirical evidence supports this expectation but mainly in female-heterogametic taxa. By contrast, there is clear evidence for both strong X-and Z-linkage of hybrid sterility and inviability at later stages of speciation. Hence genes coding for sexual isolation traits are more likely to eventually cause hybrid sterility when they are sex-linked. We conclude that the link between sexual isolation and evolution of hybrid sterility is more intuitive in male-heterogametic taxa because recessive sexually antagonistic genes are expected to quickly accumulate on the X-chromosome. However, the broader range of sexual traits that are expected to accumulate on the Z-chromosome may facilitate adaptive speciation in female-heterogametic species by allowing male signals and female preferences to remain in linkage disequilibrium despite periods of gene flow.

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Section: Evolution Of Genetic Incompatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evolution Of Genetic Incompatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation through evolution of sex-linked genes

2008

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“…Further reduction of recombination on sex chromosomes may facilitate speciation even more (see also Lemmon and Kirkpatrick, 2006). Genes for female preferences, male plumage ornamentation and genes causing low hybrid fitness have all been found to be located on the Z chromosome in flycatchers (Saetre et al, 2003;Saether et al, 2007).…”

Section: Maintaining Species Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of linkage disequilibrium in the evolution of premating isolation

Servedio

2008

Heredity

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The suggestion that speciation may often occur, or be completed, in the presence of gene flow has long been contentious, due to an appreciation of the challenges to maintaining population-or species-specific gene combinations when gene flow is occurring. Linkage disequilibrium between loci involved in postzygotic and premating isolation must often be built and maintained as the source of these species-specific genotypes. Here, I discuss proposed solutions to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of this linkage disequilibrium. I concentrate primarily on two such factors: one-allele versus two-allele mechanisms of premating isolation, and the form of selection against hybrids as it relates to its effect on the pathway between postzygotic and prezygotic isolation. The goal of this discussion is not to thoroughly review these factors, but instead to concentrate on aspects and implications of these solutions that are currently underemphasized in the speciation literature.

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“…This allows us to avoid having to specify how the hybrid incompatibilities are inherited, which is a factor that interacts with the sex linkage of the trait and preference. We relax this assumption in the next section to study several specific kinds of hybrid incompatibilities, and further results can be found in Lemmon and Kirkpatrick (2006). TABLE 2.…”

Section: Reinforcement Under Different Modes Of Inheritancementioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement and Sex Linkage

Hall

Kirkpatrick

2006

Evolution

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We present a general model for the effect of sex linkage on the evolution of reinforcement of mating preferences on an island. We find that the level of reinforcement can vary up to 80% depending on the mode of inheritance of the female preference and male trait. When reinforcement is driven mainly by selection in the male trait and intrinsic hybrid incompatibilities are weak, sex-linked preferences and autosomal male traits are the most conducive to reinforcement, whereas autosomal preferences and X-linked traits are the least. Surprisingly, the effect of mode of inheritance on reinforcement is poorly predicted by its effect on the genetic correlation between the male trait and female preference. Sex-linkage of genetic incompatibility loci increases reinforcement, though this is not due solely to the occurrence of Haldane's rule. We find that reinforcement can lead to complete reproductive isolation in some cases but not others and that the mode of inheritance can determine which outcome occurs.

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Reinforcement and the Genetics of Hybrid Incompatibilities

Cited by 45 publications

References 44 publications

Speciation through evolution of sex-linked genes

Speciation through evolution of sex-linked genes

The role of linkage disequilibrium in the evolution of premating isolation

Reinforcement and Sex Linkage

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