Reinfection, recurrence, or delayed presentation of COVID-19? Case series and review of the literature

Elzein, Fatehi; Ibrahim, Ahmed S.; Alshahrani, Fatima; Mahrous, Mervat; Murshid, Esam; Aldhehyan, Turki; Almutiri, Ghadah; Altowairqi, Meshal; Ahmed, Medina; Alsaeed, Mohammed; Alsufyani, Eid; Alnawshan, Nouf

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.01.002

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The long-term COVID-19 is mainly caused by tissue function impairment as complications of COVID-19 at the acute disease phase [48]. In some cases, the patients were asymptomatic or had mild symptoms first but later found to carry persistent and recurrent virus [49, 50] before the onset of severe disease. We thus explored in which scenario the interaction between the virus and immune system leads to a chronic pattern with persistent or recurrent viral dynamics but without severe symptoms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The timing of natural killer cell response in coronavirus infection: a concise model perspective

Xu¹,

Sneppen²

2021

Preprint

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Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 cause respiratory diseases with remarkably heterogeneous progression. This in part reflects the viral ability to influence the cytokine secretion and thereby the innate immune system. Especially the viral interference of IFN-I signaling and the subsequent deficiency of innate immune response in the early phase have been associated with rapid virus replication and later excessive immune responses. We propose a mathematical framework to analyze IFN-I signaling and its impact on the interaction motif between virus, NK cells and macrophages. The model recapture divergent dynamics of coronavirus infections including the possibility for elevated secretion of IL-6 and IFN-γ as a consequence of exacerbated macrophage activation. Dysfunction of NK cells recruitment increase disease severity by leading to a higher viral load peak, the possibility for excessive macrophage activation, and an elevated risk of the cytokine storm. Thus the model predicts that delayed IFN-I signaling could lead to pathogenicity in the latter stage of an infection. Reversely, in case of strong NK recruitment from infected cells we predict a possible chronic disease state with moderate and potentially oscillating virus/cytokine levels.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The timing of natural killer cell response in coronavirus infection: a concise model perspective

Xu¹,

Sneppen²

2021

Preprint

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“…The third important factor to avoid vaccination was misconception that previous COVID-19 infection is protective against reinfection and hence they do not require vaccine. The COVID-19 reinfection Natural Science cases are being increasingly reported hence everyone should get vaccinated irrespective of previous COVID-19 infection [16]. We need to say something about fourth reason too.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasons of Vaccine Hesitancy among Pakistanis with Available COVID-19 Vaccine: The Next Challenge in the Fight against COVID-19

Rizwan¹,

Rana²,

Bukhari³

et al. 2021

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The government of Pakistan started vaccination campaign for the frontline healthcare providers, as they are more likely to be exposed to COVID-19 patients. In the next step, it extended the free vaccination campaign to include people above 60 and 50 years of age respectively. The drive is now open to all citizens >18 years of age. There is a significant reluctance to get vaccinated even though the government has provided it free of cost. The project uses self-reporting method to assess reasons of vaccine hesitancy among Pakistanis and possible solutions to overcome this problem. Concern for serious side effects was the most common issue 154 (48.42%) reported among all groups of people, including the healthcare workers. The major sources of COVID-19 related information were television 117 (36.8%) and healthcare professionals 105 (33%). The participants reported that they can be convinced to get vaccinated if more published data related to vaccine efficacy and safety is available 118 (37.1%), they observe no side effect among vaccine recipients 90 (28.3%) or higher government officials get the same vaccine 39 (12.3%). Vigorous analysis and publication of data generated is paramount to increase the percentage of people being vaccinated. The healthcare professionals should share evidence-based knowledge related to vaccine efficacy and safety through television and social media to increase acceptance rates and hence, decrease mortality and morbidity from COVID-19 in Pakistan.

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“…Herd immunity in the context of COVID-19 is a matter of debate as reports of a second infection continue to pour in. 26…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies in Kashmir, India, 7 months after the first reported local COVID-19 case: results of a population-based seroprevalence survey from October to November 2020

et al. 2021

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ObjectivesWe designed a population-based survey in Kashmir to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies in the general population aged 18 years and above.SettingThe survey was conducted among 110 villages and urban wards across 10 districts in Kashmir from 17 October 2020 to 4 November 2020.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 18 years and above were eligible to be included in the survey. Serum samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe labelled assay results equal to or above the cut-off index value of 1.4 as positive for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies. Seroprevalence estimates were adjusted for the sampling design and assay characteristics.ResultsOut of 6397 eligible individuals enumerated, 6315 (98.7%) agreed to participate. The final analysis was done on 6230 participants. Seroprevalence adjusted for the sampling design and assay characteristics was 36.7% (95% CI 34.3% to 39.2%). Seroprevalence was higher among the older population. Among seropositive individuals, 10.2% (247/2415) reported a history of COVID-19-like symptoms. Out of 474 symptomatic individuals, 233 (49.2%) reported having been tested. We estimated an infection fatality rate of 0.034%.ConclusionsDuring the first 7 months of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kashmir Valley, approximately 37% of individuals were infected. The reported number of COVID-19 cases was only a small fraction of the estimated number of infections. A more efficient surveillance system with strengthened reporting of COVID-19 cases and deaths is warranted.

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Reinfection, recurrence, or delayed presentation of COVID-19? Case series and review of the literature

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

The timing of natural killer cell response in coronavirus infection: a concise model perspective

The timing of natural killer cell response in coronavirus infection: a concise model perspective

Reasons of Vaccine Hesitancy among Pakistanis with Available COVID-19 Vaccine: The Next Challenge in the Fight against COVID-19

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies in Kashmir, India, 7 months after the first reported local COVID-19 case: results of a population-based seroprevalence survey from October to November 2020

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