Rehydration of Air-Dried Smears with Normal Saline: Application in Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytologic Examination

Chan, John; Kung, I. T. M.

doi:10.1093/ajcp/89.1.30

Cited by 61 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Besides the disadvantages of cost and the non-availability of 95% ethyl alcohol at PHCs, delayed or prolonged fixation due to improper training of the staff in the peripheral setup leads to unsatisfactory staining and diagnostic difficulties, especially in developing countries where cervical cancer is very common [5]. Since the 1950s and 60s, there have been studies describing various methods of rehydration of ADS [7]. Among several reagents (normal saline, tap water and aqueous glycerine) which have been tried, normal saline is the simplest and cheapest fluid that is available to the laboratories and is considered the best offered rehydration fluid for ADS [3,12,13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rehydration of air-dried smears (ADS) has been suggested as a satisfactory alternative to wet fixation in fine-needle aspiration and effusion cytology. However, very few reports regarding the rehydration of cervical ADS as a substitute for WFS are available [6,7,8,9]. Studies using air-dried rehydrated techniques have shown results comparable to those of the wet-fixed technique without much differences between the percentage or degree of abnormalities ranging from inflammatory changes to frank malignancy [2,6,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rehydration of Air-Dried Smears versus Wet Fixation: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kaur¹,

Shubra²,

Masih³

2013

Acta Cytologica

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Background: The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is an effective method for early detection of cervical cancer. The routine practice of staining is to immediately fix the cervical smear in 95% ethyl alcohol. An alternative method of rehydrating the air-dried cervical smears followed by fixation and conventional staining method can overcome most of the problems associated with short supply and storage of alcohol, wet fixing of slides and transporting them to the cytology centre if the Pap smears are prepared at a peripheral centre. There are only few studies regarding rehydration of cervical smears as a substitute for wet fixation. Aim: The current study was undertaken to assess this technique as an alternative method for conventional wet-fixed smears. Material and Methods: This study was done over a period of 15 months in a tertiary care setup. Two sets of 461 cervical smears were examined; the smears in the first set were fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol and the other set of 461 smears was air dried, rehydrated and then fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol. Both the smears were stained with Pap stain, examined for preservation of cytomorphological features and evaluated using the modification of parameters given by Ng et al. [Acta Cytologica 1994;38:56-64]. Results and Analysis: Two sets of 461 smears each, one air dried and rehydrated and the other wet fixed in alcohol, were evaluated for cytomorphological preservation, and comparison was done. In wet-fixed smears, morphology was excellent in the majority of cases (80.7%). Cytomorphology was optimal in 18% and suboptimal in 1.3% of the cases. The air-dried and rehydrated smears showed excellent morphological preservation in 67%, followed by 29.9% optimal and 2.8% suboptimal preservation. The p value was >0.05, which was not significant. Conclusion: Rehydration, followed by fixation of air-dried smears, is a simple, feasible, applicable and reliable fixation technique which is comparable to the wet-fixed conventional technique used for cervical smears and can be applied for evaluation on a routine basis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rehydration of Air-Dried Smears versus Wet Fixation: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kaur¹,

Shubra²,

Masih³

2013

Acta Cytologica

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“…Some slides were rehydrated with saline for about five seconds, then immediately fixed with 95% acetic acid/alcohol and stained with a rapid Papanicolaou method, as previously described. 18,19 The remaining slides were stained with modified Romanowsky stain (Diff-Quik, Düdingen, Switzerland). The remaining specimen was rinsed and collected in CytoLyt TM (Cytyc Corp., Boxborough, Massachusetts, U.S.A.); then it was centrifuged in a Megafunnel TM (Thermo-Shandon, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.), transferred to a glass slide and stained with routine Papanicolaou stain.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine Needle Aspiration Diagnosis of Lipoblastoma of the Parotid Region

Leon

Deschler

et al. 2002

Acta Cytologica

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“…The process of rehydration is essential for the RADPap stain [19]. In a previous study, several solutions were tested as rehydration solutions, and it was demonstrated that physiological saline was superior to the other solutions [2]. Following this report, many of the RAD-Pap protocols, including that of the present study, adopt physiological saline as the rehydration solution [6,18,22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…However, whether samples were stained successfully with RAD-Pap should be carefully evaluated, because it still requires a complicated multistep procedure. An erythrocyte-free background is an advantage of RAD-Pap in contrast to traditional Pap, and this phenomenon was considered due to hemolysis of red blood cells in the rehydration process [2,10]. However, the presence of erythrocytes is often useful for comparison of cell size [13,15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid-Air-Dry Papanicolaou Stain in Canine and Feline Tumor Cytology: A Quantitative Comparison with the Giemsa Stain

Sawa

Yabuki

Miyoshi

et al. 2012

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The Papanicolaou stain is a gold-standard staining method for tumor diagnosis in human cytology. However, it has not been used routinely in veterinary cytology, because of its complicated multistep procedure and requirement for wet fixation. Currently, a rapid Papanicolaou stain using air-dried smears is utilized in human cytology, but usefulness of this rapid-air-dry Papanicolaou (RAD-Pap) stain in the veterinary field has not been fully evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the RAD-Pap stain by using quantitative analysis. Air-dried impression smears were collected from tumor specimens and stained with RAD-Pap and Giemsa. Twelve parameters representing the criteria of malignancy were quantitated, and characteristics of the RAD-Pap were evaluated statistically. The RAD-Pap stain could be applied to all the smears, and images of nucleoli and chromatin patterns were clear and detailed. In quantitative analysis with the RAD-Pap stain, but not with the Giemsa stain, dispersion of nucleolus size and dispersion of nucleolus/nucleus ratio in malignant tumors were significantly higher than those in benign tumors. These findings demonstrated that the RAD-Pap stain was useful for obtaining detailed nuclear information, and the ability to differentiate benignity and malignancy by nucleolus findings was a principal advantage of this stain. This RAD-Pap stain could be routinely used as a supportive staining method in veterinary diagnostic cytology. The Papanicolaou (Pap) stain is used as a polychrome staining technique in human medicine [11], particularly in vaginal cytology for cervical cancer screening and sputum cytology for lung cancer screening. The advantage of the Pap stain is the ability to yield detailed information regarding nucleoli and chromatin pattern in the tumor cell nuclei. This is extremely important for diagnostic cytology, because nuclear detail is used to determine whether tumor cells are benign or malignant [13]. For this reason, Pap is a gold-standard staining method for diagnosis of neoplastic diseases in human medicine, and it is used for exfoliative cells or fine-needle biopsy specimens [8,21]. However, the traditional Pap stain requires wet fixation and a multistep staining procedure. Therefore, the Pap stain has not been used routinely for veterinary diagnostic cytology.A rapid Pap stain using air-dried smears was developed by Yang and Alvarez [17,20]. The procedure of this rapidair-dry Papanicolaou (RAD-Pap) stain is relatively simple and yields high quality images similar to those with traditional Pap. Following the development of the RAD-Pap stain, many modified procedures were reported, and the quality of the samples stained with RAD-Pap was noted as equal or superior to that of the traditional Pap [4]. In human medicine, the RAD-Pap stain has been used for cytological specimens such as fine-needle aspirations [7,20], scrape smears [1,3], and body-fluid smears [18], and usefulness of the RAD-Pap has been demonstrated in these reports.The difference b...

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Rehydration of Air-Dried Smears with Normal Saline: Application in Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytologic Examination

Cited by 61 publications

References 5 publications

Rehydration of Air-Dried Smears versus Wet Fixation: A Cross-Sectional Study

Rehydration of Air-Dried Smears versus Wet Fixation: A Cross-Sectional Study

Fine Needle Aspiration Diagnosis of Lipoblastoma of the Parotid Region

Rapid-Air-Dry Papanicolaou Stain in Canine and Feline Tumor Cytology: A Quantitative Comparison with the Giemsa Stain

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