Regulatory Roles of Peroxisomal Metabolic Pathways Involved in Musk Secretion in Muskrats

Zhang, Meishan; Yang, Shuang; Shi, Minghui; Zhang, Shumiao; Zhang, Tianxiang; Li, Yimeng; Xu, Sheng‐Quan; Cha, Muha; Meng, Yuping; Lin, Shaobi; Yu, Juan; Li, Xuxin; Mu, Ali; Hu, Defu; Liu, Shuqiang

doi:10.1007/s00232-018-0057-4

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These data indicate that lipid metabolites might exert their significant roles in the scent glands of muskrats. In addition, 9-octadecenoic acid was observed to be significantly decreased by silencing lipid-related enzymes ACOX3 and HSD17B4 genes in the scent glands of muskrats, thus indicating that the content of lipid substances in the scent glands of muskrats could be regulated by the peroxide metabolism [ 41 ]. Meanwhile, our previous reports showed that the seasonal expression differences in steroid synthases SF-1, StAR, P450scc, P450c17 and steroid hormone receptors in the scent glands of muskrats indicated that the scent glands had steroid synthesis abilities, and that the steroid hormones regulated the functions of the scent glands in the breeding and non-breeding periods [ 25 , 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids in the Scent Glands of Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in Different Reproductive Statuses

Xie

Zhong

et al. 2022

Cells

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As a typical seasonal breeding animal, male muskrats have a pair of scent glands that can emit musky odor substances to attract females during the breeding period. The present study aimed to visualize the differences in the distribution of lipids in the scent glands of muskrats during their different reproductive statuses by imaging mass spectrometry and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results revealed remarkable differences in the expression and spatial distribution of lipids detected in the scent glands of muskrats during the different reproductive statuses. In addition, the expression levels of lipid molecules PC (32:0) and LysoPC (16:0) were found to be significantly higher in the breeding season than in the non-breeding season. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of lipid synthesis enzyme Pemt and Pla2g4b were higher in the breeding season than in the non-breeding season, and there were positive correlations between the expression intensities of lipid molecules and the expression levels of Pemt and Pla2g4b. The present study investigates the changes and distribution of the endogenous lipid in the scent glands of muskrats and elucidates that the seasonal changes in the lipid metabolism may affect the functions of the scent glands in muskrats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids in the Scent Glands of Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in Different Reproductive Statuses

Xie

Zhong

et al. 2022

Cells

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“…Moreover, the secreting glands become greatly enlarged to secrete muskrat musk to attract females. Chemical analysis has indicated that the muskrat musk contains a variety of ingredients, such as muscone, normuscone, macrocyclic ketones, fatty acids, esters, and alcohols [14,15]. Muskrat musk can be used to treat pain and inflammatory responses caused by stroke, swelling, and abscesses with similar efficacy as musk and may be an ideal substitute for musk [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Analysis between Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) Musk and Traditional Musk

Shi

Zeng

Zhao

et al. 2023

Animals

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Muskrat musk is considered to be a potential substitute for traditional musk. However, little is known about the similarity between muskrat musk and musk, and whether it is related to muskrat age. In this study, muskrat musk (MR1, MR2, and MR3) were from 1, 2, and 3-year-old muskrats, respectively, and white musk (WM) and brown musk (BM) were picked from male forest musk deer. The results indicated that muskrat musk had higher similarity to WM than BM. Further research showed that RM3 had the highest matched degree with WM. By significantly different metabolite analysis, we found that 52 metabolites continue to increase from 1- to 3-year-old muskrats. In total, 7 and 15 metabolites were significantly decreased in RM1 vs. RM2 and RM2 vs. RM3, respectively. Meanwhile, 30 and 17 signaling pathways were observed from increased and decreased metabolites, respectively. The increased metabolites mainly entailed enrichment in amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and fatty acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, muskrat musk from three-year-old muskrat is a relatively good substitute for white musk, and the result also implies that these biological processes of amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and fatty acid biosynthesis are beneficial to the secretion of muskrat musk.

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“…As musk of muskrat gets more interest for an alternative medicine for musk of musk deer, pharmacological effects are reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, analgesic, and hypotensive effects [5,6,9,10], like musk of musk deer. However, there has been no report about whether it is effective on focal cerebral ischemia, which mimics ischemic stroke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective Effects of Musk of Muskrat on Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

Lee

Kim

Song

et al. 2019

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Musk of musk deer has been one of the most precious traditional medicinal materials for treatment of stroke, but trading is prohibited. Musk of muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus, is an accessible substitute for musk of musk deer. However, neuroprotective effects of the musk of muskrat on stroke model are so far unclear. Aim of the study is to determine neuroprotective effects of the musk of muskrat on focal cerebral ischemia. The protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia were evaluated using a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (90-minute occlusion followed by 24-hour reperfusion). Musk of muskrat was collected from scent bag of muskrat and orally administered at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg twice at times of 0 and 90 min after occlusion. The effects on sensorimotor dysfunction were investigated by using balance beam test and rotarod test after brain ischemia. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Oral administration of musk at 300 mg/kg significantly reduced (p<0.001) the infarct volume by 32.4% compared with a vehicle-treated group. Oral administration of musk at 300 mg/kg also ameliorated ischemia-induced spontaneous and vestibule sensorimotor dysfunction in balance beam test and rotarod test compared with control group and COX-2 upregulation. Musk of muskrat may have neuroprotective effects against transient focal cerebral ischemia with recovery of sensorimotor dysfunction. Regarding the immunohistochemistry, the effects of muskrat may be due to anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of COX-2 expressions.

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Regulatory Roles of Peroxisomal Metabolic Pathways Involved in Musk Secretion in Muskrats

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids in the Scent Glands of Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in Different Reproductive Statuses

Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids in the Scent Glands of Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in Different Reproductive Statuses

Correlation Analysis between Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) Musk and Traditional Musk

Neuroprotective Effects of Musk of Muskrat on Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

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