Regulatory roles of galectins on influenza A virus and their potential as a therapeutic strategy

Yang, Zih‐Syuan; Lin, C. C.; Huang, Szu-Wei; Wang, Wen‐Hung; Urbina, Aspiro Nayim; Tseng, Sung-Pin; Lu, Po‐Liang; Chen, Yen-Hsu; Wang, Sheng-Fan

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111713

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…As we mentioned before, galectins are known to be involved in various biological and biophysical regulations, including defense against microorganisms [57]. Recently, galectins have been recognized as modulators and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in response to virus or bacterial attack [24,57,58]. Our study indicates that only a few galectins were reported to participate in the regulation of IAV infection, replication, and propagation.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 65%

The Antiviral Role of Galectins toward Influenza A Virus Infection—An Alternative Strategy for Influenza Therapy

Lin,

Yang,

Wang

et al. 2021

Pharmaceuticals

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Animal lectins are proteins with carbohydrate recognition activity. Galectins, the β-galactoside binding lectins, are expressed in various cells and have been reported to regulate several immunological and physiological responses. Recently, some galectins have been reported to regulate some viral infections, including influenza A virus (IAV); however, the mechanism is still not fully understood. Thus, we aim to review systemically the roles of galectins in their antiviral functions against IAVs. The PRISMA guidelines were used to select the eligible articles. Results indicated that only Galectin-1, Galectin-3, and Galectin-9 were reported to play a regulatory role in IAV infection. These regulatory effects occur extracellularly, through their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) interacting with glycans expressed on the virus surface, as well as endogenously, in a cell–cell interaction manner. The inhibition effects induced by galectins on IAV infection were through blocking virus–host receptors interaction, activation of NLRP-3 inflammasome, augment expression of antiviral genes and related cytokines, as well as stimulation of Tim-3 related signaling to enhance virus-specific T cells and humoral immune response. Combined, this study concludes that currently, only three galectins have reported antiviral capabilities against IAV infection, thereby having the potential to be applied as an alternative anti-influenza therapeutic strategy.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 65%

The Antiviral Role of Galectins toward Influenza A Virus Infection—An Alternative Strategy for Influenza Therapy

Lin,

Yang,

Wang

et al. 2021

Pharmaceuticals

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“…They are involved in cell activation, differentiation, and signaling. Galectins also serve as immune recognition receptors and effector factors in leukocyte recruitment and apoptosis and mediate host–pathogen interactions [ 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 ]. Yang et al have recently identified three galectins with anti-influenza effects—Gal-1, Gal-2, and Gal-3—released after IAV infection from various cells in the respiratory tract [ 258 ].…”

Section: Role Of Iav Proteins In Viral and Bacterial Co-infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Galectins also serve as immune recognition receptors and effector factors in leukocyte recruitment and apoptosis and mediate host–pathogen interactions [ 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 ]. Yang et al have recently identified three galectins with anti-influenza effects—Gal-1, Gal-2, and Gal-3—released after IAV infection from various cells in the respiratory tract [ 258 ]. Current studies have confirmed that Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 alleviate the overall course of influenza infection by blocking viral binding and strengthening cell immune responses [ 162 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 ].…”

Section: Role Of Iav Proteins In Viral and Bacterial Co-infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Viral Proteins to the Synergy of Influenza and Bacterial Co-Infection

Mikušová

Tomčíková

Briestenská

et al. 2022

Viruses

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A severe course of acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus (IAV) infection is often linked with subsequent bacterial superinfection, which is difficult to cure. Thus, synergistic influenza–bacterial co-infection represents a serious medical problem. The pathogenic changes in the infected host are accelerated as a consequence of IAV infection, reflecting its impact on the host immune response. IAV infection triggers a complex process linked with the blocking of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms required for effective antiviral defense. Such disbalance of the immune system allows for easier initiation of bacterial superinfection. Therefore, many new studies have emerged that aim to explain why viral–bacterial co-infection can lead to severe respiratory disease with possible fatal outcomes. In this review, we discuss the key role of several IAV proteins—namely, PB1-F2, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and NS1—known to play a role in modulating the immune defense of the host, which consequently escalates the development of secondary bacterial infection, most often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Understanding the mechanisms leading to pathological disorders caused by bacterial superinfection after the previous viral infection is important for the development of more effective means of prevention; for example, by vaccination or through therapy using antiviral drugs targeted at critical viral proteins.

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“…Numerous literatures support the diagnostic and prognostic significance of Gal-1 in infectious diseases [7,8]. Recent reviews even suggested the immune-regulatory functions of galectins (mainly Gal-1, galectin-3, and galectin-9) as potential therapeutic strategies for viral infection, especially for influenza A virus [10]. Compared to other pro-inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein or galectin-3, the anti-inflammatory nature of Gal-1 makes itself a promising therapeutic target for the overwhelming host response in acute infection.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous literatures indicate the regulatory functions of Gal-1 in viral [7], bacterial [8], and parasite infection [9]. One recent review even suggested the galectins to have therapeutic value in treating influenza A virus infection [10]. However, there is currently no clinical evidence supports the association between Gal-1 and sepsis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated serum galectin-1 concentrations are associated with increased risks of mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients

Chou

Tsai

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Background Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a member of the β-galactoside binding protein family, is associated with inflammation and chronic kidney disease. However, the effect of Gal-1 on mortality and acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically-ill patients remain unclear. Methods From May 2018 to March 2020, 350 patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, a tertiary medical center, were enrolled in this study. Forty-one patients receiving long-term renal replacement therapy were excluded. Serum Gal-1 levels were determined within 24 h of ICU admission. The patients were divided into tertiles according to their serum Gal-1 levels (low, serum Gal-1 < 39 ng/ml; median, 39–70 ng/ml; high, ≥71 ng/ml). All patients were followed for 90 days or until death. Results Mortality in the ICU and at 90 days was greater among patients with elevated serum Gal-1 levels. In analyses adjusted for the body mass index, malignancy, sepsis, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and serum lactate level, the serum Gal-1 level remained an independent predictor of 90-day mortality [median vs. low: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–3.60, p = 0.006; high vs. low: aHR 3.21, 95% CI 1.90–5.42, p < 0.001]. Higher serum Gal-1 levels were also associated with a higher incidence of AKI within 48 h after ICU admission, independent of the SOFA score and renal function (median vs. low: aHR 2.77, 95% CI 1.21–6.34, p = 0.016; high vs. low: aHR 2.88, 95% CI 1.20–6.88, p = 0.017). The results were consistent among different subgroups with high and low Gal-1 levels. Conclusion Serum Gal-1 elevation at the time of ICU admission were associated with an increased risk of mortality at 90 days, and an increased incidence of AKI within 48 h after ICU admission.

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Regulatory roles of galectins on influenza A virus and their potential as a therapeutic strategy

Cited by 8 publications

References 74 publications

The Antiviral Role of Galectins toward Influenza A Virus Infection—An Alternative Strategy for Influenza Therapy

The Antiviral Role of Galectins toward Influenza A Virus Infection—An Alternative Strategy for Influenza Therapy

The Contribution of Viral Proteins to the Synergy of Influenza and Bacterial Co-Infection

Elevated serum galectin-1 concentrations are associated with increased risks of mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients

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