Regulatory role of Arabidopsis pTAC14 in chloroplast development and plastid gene expression

Gao, Zhengyuan; Chen, Guoxiang; Yang, Zhong‐Nan

doi:10.4161/psb.21618

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…development and for the accumulation of PEP-dependent mRNAs (Garcia et al, 2008;Myouga et al, 2008;Arsova et al, 2010;Gao et al, 2011Gao et al, , 2012Steiner et al, 2011;Jeon et al, 2012;Kindgren et al, 2012;Pfalz and Pfannschmidt, 2013). It is intriguing that these proteins promote the activity of an enzyme that is closely related to its cyanobacterial ancestor, yet they are neither derived from bacterial transcription factors nor do they have apparent functional homologs in bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the PEP-associated proteins are not required for PEP-mediated transcription in vitro (Hu and Bogorad, 1990), although their absence disrupts PEP-mediated transcription in vivo (Pfalz et al, 2006;Garcia et al, 2008;Myouga et al, 2008;Arsova et al, 2010;Gao et al, 2011Gao et al, , 2012Steiner et al, 2011;Jeon et al, 2012;. A recent model posits that the PEP-associated proteins are required to establish a subdomain in the plastid nucleoid that is required for PEP-mediated transcription (Pfalz and Pfannschmidt, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Major Role for the Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Complex in the Expression of Plastid Transfer RNAs

et al. 2013

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Chloroplast transcription in land plants relies on collaboration between a plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) of cyanobacterial ancestry and a nucleus-encoded RNA polymerase of phage ancestry. PEP associates with additional proteins that are unrelated to bacterial transcription factors, many of which have been shown to be important for PEP activity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, the biochemical roles of these PEP-associated proteins are not known. We describe phenotypes conditioned by transposon insertions in genes encoding the maize (Zea mays) orthologs of five such proteins: ZmPTAC2, ZmMurE, ZmPTAC10, ZmPTAC12, and ZmPRIN2. These mutants have similar ivory/virescent pigmentation and similar reductions in plastid ribosomes and photosynthetic complexes. RNA gel-blot and microarray hybridizations revealed numerous changes in plastid transcript populations, many of which resemble those reported for the orthologous mutants in Arabidopsis. However, unanticipated reductions in the abundance of numerous transfer RNAs (tRNAs) dominated the microarray data and were validated on RNA gel blots. The magnitude of the deficiencies for several tRNAs was similar to that of the most severely affected messenger RNAs, with the loss of trnL-UAA being particularly severe. These findings suggest that PEP and its associated proteins are critical for the robust transcription of numerous plastid tRNAs and that this function is essential for the prodigious translation of plastid-encoded proteins that is required during the installation of the photosynthetic apparatus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

A Major Role for the Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Complex in the Expression of Plastid Transfer RNAs

et al. 2013

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“…A major determinant of this developmental block certainly is the reduced expression of plastid photosystem II genes, but the finding of residual transcripts suggests that other molecular reasons also likely play a role, such as the obvious inhibition of Chl biosynthesis (Gao et al, 2012) and further defects that are unknown to date. We conclude that in the pap7-1 mutant, plastidial photosystem II genes are especially strongly repressed, whereas retrograde signals from the arrested albino plastid neither modulate nor antagonistically counteract light regulation of PhANGs.…”

Section: Retrograde Control Of Nuclear Gene Expression By Biogenic Plmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and Plastid Signals Regulate Different Sets of Genes in the Albino Mutant Pap7-1

et al. 2017

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Plants possessing dysfunctional plastids due to defects in pigment biosynthesis or translation are known to repress photosynthesisassociated nuclear genes via retrograde signals from the disturbed organelles toward the nucleus. These signals are thought to be essential for proper biogenesis and function of the plastid. Mutants lacking plastid-encoded RNA polymerase-associated proteins (PAPs) display a genetic arrest in eoplast-chloroplast transition leading to an albino phenotype in the light. Retrograde signaling in these mutants, therefore, could be expected to be similar as under conditions inducing plastid dysfunction. To answer this question, we performed plastome-and genomewide array analyses in the pap7-1 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In parallel, we determined the potential overlap with light-regulated expression networks. To this end, we performed a comparative expression profiling approach using light-and dark-grown wild-type plants as relative control for the expression profiles obtained from lightgrown pap7-1 mutants. Our data indicate a specific impact of retrograde signals on metabolism-related genes in pap7-1 mutants reflecting the starvation situation of the albino seedlings. In contrast, light regulation of PhANGs and other nuclear gene groups appears to be fully functional in this mutant, indicating that a block in chloroplast biogenesis per se does not repress expression of them as suggested by earlier studies. Only genes for light harvesting complex proteins displayed a significant repression indicating an exclusive retrograde impact on this gene family. Our results indicate that chloroplasts and arrested plastids each emit specific signals that control different target gene modules both in positive and negative manner.

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“…A follow-up study showed that Arabidopsis methyltransferase (PrmA) was dual targeted to chloroplasts and mitochondria, and is responsible for methylation ribosomal protein L11 in both organelles (Mazzoleni et al, 2015). Other plastid methyltransferases and (putative) substrates have been identified, namely plastid transcriptionally active chromosome complex14 (PTAC14) associated with plastid nucleoids (Gao et al, 2012) and Lys methyltransferase-like targeting Fru-1,6-bisP aldolase (Mininno et al, 2012). Loss-offunction PTAC14 mutants have an albino phenotype due to blocked chloroplast development, probably related to the loss of plastid gene expression rather than metabolism (Gao et al, 2012).…”

Section: Methylation Of Lys and Argmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other plastid methyltransferases and (putative) substrates have been identified, namely plastid transcriptionally active chromosome complex14 (PTAC14) associated with plastid nucleoids (Gao et al, 2012) and Lys methyltransferase-like targeting Fru-1,6-bisP aldolase (Mininno et al, 2012). Loss-offunction PTAC14 mutants have an albino phenotype due to blocked chloroplast development, probably related to the loss of plastid gene expression rather than metabolism (Gao et al, 2012). Trimethylated Lys was observed for an Arabidopsis mitochondrial elongation factor and NAD-malate dehydrogenase (Zybailov et al, 2009).…”

Section: Methylation Of Lys and Argmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update: Post-translational protein modifications in plant metabolism

2015

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ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9536-0487 (K.J.v.W.).Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins greatly expand proteome diversity, increase functionality, and allow for rapid responses, all at relatively low costs for the cell. PTMs play key roles in plants through their impact on signaling, gene expression, protein stability and interactions, and enzyme kinetics. Following a brief discussion of the experimental and bioinformatics challenges of PTM identification, localization, and quantification (occupancy), a concise overview is provided of the major PTMs and their (potential) functional consequences in plants, with emphasis on plant metabolism. Classic examples that illustrate the regulation of plant metabolic enzymes and pathways by PTMs and their cross talk are summarized. Recent large-scale proteomics studies mapped many PTMs to a wide range of metabolic functions. Unraveling of the PTM code, i.e. a predictive understanding of the (combinatorial) consequences of PTMs, is needed to convert this growing wealth of data into an understanding of plant metabolic regulation.The primary amino acid sequence of proteins is defined by the translated mRNA, often followed by Nor C-terminal cleavages for preprocessing, maturation, and/or activation. Proteins can undergo further reversible or irreversible posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of specific amino acid residues. Proteins are directly responsible for the production of plant metabolites because they act as enzymes or as regulators of enzymes. Ultimately, most proteins in a plant cell can affect plant metabolism (e.g. through effects on plant gene expression, cell fate and development, structural support, transport, etc.). Many metabolic enzymes and their regulators undergo a variety of PTMs, possibly resulting in changes in oligomeric state, stabilization/degradation, and (de)activation (Huber and Hardin, 2004), and PTMs can facilitate the optimization of metabolic flux. However, the direct in vivo consequence of a PTM on a metabolic enzyme or pathway is frequently not very clear, in part because it requires measurements of input and output of the reactions, including flux through the enzyme or pathway. This Update will start out with a short overview on the major PTMs observed for each amino acid residue (Table I), followed by a brief discussion of techniques for the characterization of protein PTMs, including determination of the localization within proteins (i.e. the specific residues) and occupancy. Challenges in dealing with multiple PTMs per protein and cross talk between PTMs will be briefly outlined. We then describe the major physiological PTMs observed in plants as well as PTMs that are nonenzymatically induced during sample preparation (Table II). Finally, this Update is completed with a number of well-studied, classical examples of the regulation of plant metabolism by PTMs, in particular for enzymes in primary metabolism (Calvin cycle, glycolysis, and respiration) and the C4 shuttle accommodating photosynthesis in C4 plants (Table III). As will be ev...

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Regulatory role of Arabidopsis pTAC14 in chloroplast development and plastid gene expression

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

A Major Role for the Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Complex in the Expression of Plastid Transfer RNAs

A Major Role for the Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Complex in the Expression of Plastid Transfer RNAs

Light and Plastid Signals Regulate Different Sets of Genes in the Albino Mutant Pap7-1

Update: Post-translational protein modifications in plant metabolism

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