Regulatory Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport by Phenolic Acids

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most severe public health problems in the world. In recent years, evidences show a commonness of utilization of alternative medicines such as phytomedicine for the treatment of T2DM. Phenolic acids are the most common compounds in non-flavonoid group of phenolic compounds and have been suggested to have a potential to lower the risk of T2DM. Skeletal muscle is the major organ that contributes to the pathophysiology of T2DM. Studies have shown that several phenolic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid) have antidiabetic effects, and these compounds have been implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism, especially glucose transport. Glucose transport is a major regulatory step for whole-body glucose disposal, and the glucose transport processes are regulated mainly through two different systems: insulin-dependent and insulinindependent mechanism. In this chapter, we reviewed recent experimental evidences linking phenolic acids to glucose metabolism focusing on insulin-dependent and insulin-independent glucose transport systems and the upstream signaling events in skeletal muscle.

A comparative study on the physicochemical, anti-oxidative, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-lipidemic properties of amadumbe (Colocasia esculenta ) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus ) mucilage

“…These include insulin‐induced stimulation of glucose uptake in peripheral tissues like muscle tissues (Aronnof et al, ). Several phenolic acids, including ferulic acid, have been shown to exhibit potent anti‐diabetic effects including modulation of glucose transport and metabolism in skeletal muscles (Egawa et al, ; Prabhakar & Doble, ). Since amadumbe and okra dry mucilage extracts showed the presence of phenolic compounds (expressed as ferulic acid equivalent), we investigated their effect on glucose uptake in isolated rat psoas muscle.…”

“…These data suggest that amadumbe and okra dry mucilage extracts may be useful in glycemic control via modulating glucose uptake and systemic glucose disappearance. The computed GU 50 values (Concentration in mg/mL of dry mucilage extracts required to cause 50% increase of muscle glucose uptake) indicated that amadumbe mucilage (GU 50 = 0.78 ± 0.13 mg/mL) exhibited a more potent ( p = 0.0836) muscle glucose uptake effect compared to okra mucilage (GU 50 = 1.49 ± 0.18 mg/mL), perhaps due to higher ( p < 0.05) phenol content (39.91 ± 2.99 vs. 26.48 ± 1.05 mg/g) (Egawa et al, ; Prabhakar & Doble, ).…”

“…Thus, the observed more viscous nature of okra mucilage extract compared to that of amadumbe (8.70 ± 0.10 vs. 0.77 ± 0.06 cp, 13.93 ± 0.38 vs. 1.60 ± 0.10 cp and 24.87 ± 1.97 vs. 2.13 ± 0.06 cp at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mL, respectively) possibly contributed a stronger ( p = 0.0568) inhibition on glucose absorption than amadumbe mucilage extract (Table 1 ) (Anderson et al, 1989 ). have been shown to exhibit potent anti-diabetic effects including modulation of glucose transport and metabolism in skeletal muscles (Egawa et al, 2017 ;Prabhakar & Doble, 2009 ). Since amadumbe and okra dry mucilage extracts showed the presence of phenolic compounds (expressed as ferulic acid equivalent), we investigated their effect on glucose uptake in isolated rat psoas muscle.…”

“…Furthermore, the ferric reducing and chelating antioxidant activity of mucilage extracted from a species of amadumbe (giant swamp taro) has been reported, which was attributed to the presence of phenolics (Nguimbou et al, ). In addition to their anti‐oxidative potency, phenolics could also inhibit carbohydrate (Tan et al, ) and lipid (Yang, Chin, Yoon, & Kim, ) digestion and modulate muscle glucose uptake (Egawa et al, ). Hence, the presence of phenolics in amadumbe mucilage suggests that it may potentially exhibit glycemic control and anti‐lipidemic activities via suppressing carbohydrate and lipid digestion and enhancing muscle glucose uptake.…”

“…In addition to their anti-oxidative potency, phenolics could also inhibit carbohydrate (Tan et al, 2013 ) and lipid (Yang, Chin, Yoon, & Kim, 2014 ) digestion and modulate muscle glucose uptake (Egawa et al, 2017 ). Hence, the presence of phenolics in amadumbe mucilage suggests that it may potentially exhibit glycemic control and anti-lipidemic activities via suppressing carbohydrate and lipid digestion and enhancing muscle glucose uptake.…”