Regulation of type I (epidermal) transglutaminase mRNA levels during squamous differentiation: down regulation by retinoids.

Retinoic acid receptors and tissue-transglutaminase mediate short-term effect of retinoic acid on migration and invasion of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells

“…Using agonists and antagonists of RAR and RXR, our studies show that activation of RAR results in increased TGase expression, migration and invasion. Although previous studies have shown involvement of RAR and RXR in TGase expression, our findings suggest that expression of TGase occurs through activation of RARdominated pathways (Floyd and Jetten, 1989;Denning and Verma, 1991;Davies et al, 1992;Zhang et al, 1995).…”

Epidermal Hyperplasia and Elevated HB-EGF are More Prominent in Retinoid Dermatitis Compared with Irritant Contact Dermatitis Induced by Benzalkonium Chloride

“…Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes leading to pronounced epidermal hyperplasia and subsequent abnormal differentiation of the epidermis may lead to disruption of barrier function and inflammation in retinoid dermatitis. Epithelial differentiation markers, including profilaggrin, loricrin, cornifin (small proline rich proteins), and transglutaminase 1 are also negatively regulated by retinoids in vitro [27][28][29][30] . On the contrary, retinoids up-regulate keratinocyte terminal differentiation markers in vivo 31,32 .…”

Bricks and mortar of the epidermal barrier

“…The T G M 1 gene encoding the TGase 1 enzyme is located on chromosome 14q11.2 (Yaminishi et al, 1990;Kim et al, 1992). The synthesis of TGase 1 is regulated in cultured keratinocytes by various stimuli, including phorbol esters, retinoids and corticosteroids (Floyd and Jetten, 1989;Liew and Yamanishi, 1992;Yamada et al, 1994) and by intercellular Ca 2 + c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , presumably by AP-1 mediated gene regulatory signals (Dlugosz and Yuspa, 1994;Mariniello et al, 1995). In epithelia such as the epidermis, TGase 1 expression is induced shortly after commitment to terminal d i fferentiation (Michel et al, 1992), although a minor degree of TGase 1 expression is detectable in u n d i fferentiated basal keratinocytes (Schroeder et al , 1992;Kim et al, 1995a).…”