Regulation of the Host Immune Microenvironment in Periodontitis and Periodontal Bone Remodeling

Abstract

The periodontal immune microenvironment is a delicate regulatory system that involves a variety of host immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells and mesenchymal stem cells. The dysfunction or overactivation of any kind of local cells, and eventually the imbalance of the entire molecular regulatory network, leads to periodontal inflammation and tissue destruction. In this review, the basic characteristics of various host cells in the periodontal immune microenvironment and the regulatory network mechanism of host cells involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and periodontal bone remodeling are summarized, with emphasis on the immune regulatory network that regulates the periodontal microenvironment and maintains a dynamic balance. Future strategies for the clinical treatment of periodontitis and periodontal tissue regeneration need to develop new targeted synergistic drugs and/or novel technologies to clarify the regulatory mechanism of the local microenvironment. This review aims to provide clues and a theoretical basis for future research in this field.

Quercetin-loaded mesoporous nano-delivery system remodels osteoimmune microenvironment to regenerate alveolar bone in periodontitis via the miR-21a-5p/PDCD4/NF-κB pathway

“…The periodontal immune microenvironment involves a variety of host cells, including MSCs and various immune cells. MSCs, especially PDLSCs, play a key role in the repair and regeneration of periodontal bone defects in periodontitis [ 39 ]. Interestingly, PDLSCs not only could directly aided in regenerating alveolar bone but also could excrete inflammatory substances that exacerbate the inflammatory microenvironment of periodontitis [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Identification of immune cells and key genes related to periodontitis

“…Periodontitis is an in ammatory process caused by the dense accumulation of immune cells involving various immune cells [2,10], and both genetic and epigenetic factors can alter the host's immune response. However, the cell expression pattern and role of related genetic factors in periodontitis have not been determined [7,12,14].…”

“…Moreover, as a delicate regulatory system, the periodontal immune microenvironment involves various types of immune cells, including T cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells (NK), dendritic cells, macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells [8,9]. In addition, any kind of local cellular dysfunction or overactivation inevitably leads to an imbalance in the whole molecular regulatory network with catastrophic consequences [1,10,11]. T cells play an important role in the progression of periodontitis and are closely related to transformations in the active and quiescent stages of periodontitis, which can activate numerous regulatory circuits, in uence the immune system and interact with resting cells, oral epithelium, and oral bacteria [1,10,12].…”

“…In addition, any kind of local cellular dysfunction or overactivation inevitably leads to an imbalance in the whole molecular regulatory network with catastrophic consequences [1,10,11]. T cells play an important role in the progression of periodontitis and are closely related to transformations in the active and quiescent stages of periodontitis, which can activate numerous regulatory circuits, in uence the immune system and interact with resting cells, oral epithelium, and oral bacteria [1,10,12].…”

Bioactive injectable mucoadhesive thermosensitive natural polymeric hydrogels for oral bone and periodontal regeneration

“…To remove bacteria, immunological cells (macrophages and T cells) in the periodontal milieu are activated and produce different cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) and ROS; Therefore, inflammation channels of communication are arbitrarily boosted and disturbed. This harms normal periodontium and encourages inflammation establishment, progression, and development ( Han et al, 2023 ). That`s why injectable thermosensitive hydrogels loaded with anti-inflammatory agents, appear as promising candidates in non-surgical periodontal therapy ( Table 3 ).…”