Regulation of T Cell Subsets from Naive to Memory

Carter, Laura; Zhang, Xiaohong; Dubey, Caroline; Rogers, Paul; Tsui, Lisa; Swain, Susan L.

doi:10.1097/00002371-199805000-00003

Cited by 58 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Observations on central and effector memory cells in HIV-positive individuals treated during primary HIV infection showed that those who were aviremic had T cell populations that produce IL-2 or IL-2 and IFN-␥ together, whereas individuals failing therapy had short-lived T cells that produced IFN-␥ alone (13). Activation-induced cell death happens rapidly in stimulated effector cells; cells that produce IL-2 before restimulation in vitro, central memory cells for example, may be more capable of self-regulating activation-induced cell death and more likely to survive overstimulation and apoptosis (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durable Human Memory T Cells Quantifiable by Cultured Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assays Are Induced by Heterologous Prime Boost Immunization and Correlate with Protection against Malaria

Keating

Bejon

Berthoud

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

116

120

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Immunological memory is a required component of protective antimalarial responses raised by T cell-inducing vaccines. The magnitude of ex vivo IFN-γ T cell responses is widely used to identify immunogenic vaccines although this response usually wanes and may disappear within weeks. However, protection in the field is likely to depend on durable central memory T cells that are not detected by this assay. To identify longer-lived memory T cells, PBMC from malaria-naive vaccinated volunteers who had received prime boost vaccinations with a combination of DNA and/or viral vectors encoding the multiepitope string-thrombospondin-related adhesion protein Ag were cultured in vitro with Ag for 10 days before the ELISPOT assay. Ex vivo T cell responses peaked at 7 days after the final immunization and declined substantially over 6 mo, but responses identified after T cell culture increased over the 6-mo period after the final immunization. Moreover, individual cultured ELISPOT responses at the day of challenge time point correlated significantly with degree of protection against malaria sporozoite challenge, whereas ex vivo responses did not, despite a correlation between the peak ex vivo response and magnitude of memory responses 6 mo later. This cultured assay identifies long-lasting protective T cell responses and therefore offers an attractive option for assessments of vaccine immunogenicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durable Human Memory T Cells Quantifiable by Cultured Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assays Are Induced by Heterologous Prime Boost Immunization and Correlate with Protection against Malaria

Keating

Bejon

Berthoud

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

116

120

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“…Relative resistance to activation-induced apoptosis is a characteristic of autoreactive CD8ϩ T cells that have a type 2 phenotype (87) and memory T cells (88). Tc2 clones are much more resistant to activation-induced cell death and less susceptible to apoptosis by direct Fas ligation (84).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of an activated, profibrotic pattern of gene expression in lung CD8+ T cells from scleroderma patients

Luzina¹,

Atamas²,

Wise³

et al. 2003

Arthritis & Rheumatism

108

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Objective. Pulmonary fibrosis is a major cause of death in scleroderma patients. Previous studies have shown an increase in CD8؉ T cells in the lungs of scleroderma patients. In the present study, we sought to determine whether activated CD8؉ T cells contribute to pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma patients through the production and activation of profibrotic mediators.Methods. CD8؉ cells were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from 19 scleroderma patients and 7 healthy subjects. The phenotype of these cells was determined using DNA array technology. Expression of selected genes was confirmed in real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments.

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“…These attributes include the following: (i) rapid production of cytokines after restimulation (26,60); (ii) polarization of cytokine production (39); (iii) responsiveness to relatively lower doses of antigen (61)(62)(63)(64); and (iv) independence from most costimulatory requirements (64) (Fig. 1, functional characteristics).…”

Section: Effector To Memory Transition: Effector To Rested Effector Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD4⁺ T‐cell memory: generation and multi‐faceted roles for CD4⁺ T cells in protective immunity to influenza

Swain

Agrewala

Brown

et al. 2006

Immunological Reviews

Self Cite

156

170

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SummaryWe have outlined the carefully orchestrated process of CD4 + T-cell differentiation from naïve to effector and from effector to memory cells with a focus on how these processes can be studied in vivo in responses to pathogen infection. We emphasize that the regulatory factors that determine the quality and quantity of the effector and memory cells generated include (i) the antigen dose during the initial T-cell interaction with antigen-presenting cells; (ii) the dose and duration of repeated interactions; and (iii) the milieu of inflammatory and growth cytokines that responding CD4 + T cells encounter. We suggest that heterogeneity in these regulatory factors leads to the generation of a spectrum of effectors with different functional attributes. Furthermore, we suggest that it is the presence of effectors at different stages along a pathway of progressive linear differentiation that leads to a related spectrum of memory cells. Our studies particularly highlight the multi-faceted roles of CD4 + effector and memory T cells in protective responses to influenza infection and support the concept that efficient priming of CD4 + T cells that react to shared influenza proteins could contribute greatly to vaccine strategies for influenza. Overview and historyOver the past decade, others and we have concluded that naïve precursor T cells must undergo many steps of division and differentiation before they acquire the effector functions necessary for their many regulatory activities (1). One of these activities is 'help' for B cells, which promotes B-cell isotype switching, somatic mutation, and differentiation in germinal centers to plasma cells and memory cells (2-4). Another key regulatory activity carried out by CD4 + T cells involves help for naïve CD8 + T cells to promote their optimum differentiation into cytotoxic effectors and memory cells and to support their maintenance (5-7). In addition, there are a host of other regulatory effects of CD4 + effectors on macrophages as well as other antigenpresenting cells (APCs). These CD4 + T-cell functions are mediated by surface coreceptors on the effector cells, including CD40L, CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, etc., that interact with receptors on B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, or other APCs, and by potent cytokines secreted by the CD4 + effectors upon recognition of antigen on APCs.CD4 + T-cell effectors represent a collection of distinct subsets characterized in part by their abilities to produce different patterns of cytokines. The two best characterized subsets are designated T-helper 1 (Th1), producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and Th2, producing interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 as 'signature' cytokines. Recently, evidence has accumulated for a third . Most probably the APCs that stimulate the naïve CD4 + T cells are also the initial source of cytokines that imprint these subsets in situ (11). It is also increasingly accepted that the polarizing cytokines secreted by the APCs are dictated by the context of the antigen, be it from a pathogen or...

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Regulation of T Cell Subsets from Naive to Memory

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Durable Human Memory T Cells Quantifiable by Cultured Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assays Are Induced by Heterologous Prime Boost Immunization and Correlate with Protection against Malaria

Durable Human Memory T Cells Quantifiable by Cultured Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assays Are Induced by Heterologous Prime Boost Immunization and Correlate with Protection against Malaria

Occurrence of an activated, profibrotic pattern of gene expression in lung CD8+ T cells from scleroderma patients

CD4⁺ T‐cell memory: generation and multi‐faceted roles for CD4⁺ T cells in protective immunity to influenza

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Regulation of T Cell Subsets from Naive to Memory

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Durable Human Memory T Cells Quantifiable by Cultured Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assays Are Induced by Heterologous Prime Boost Immunization and Correlate with Protection against Malaria

Durable Human Memory T Cells Quantifiable by Cultured Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assays Are Induced by Heterologous Prime Boost Immunization and Correlate with Protection against Malaria

Occurrence of an activated, profibrotic pattern of gene expression in lung CD8+ T cells from scleroderma patients

CD4+ T‐cell memory: generation and multi‐faceted roles for CD4+ T cells in protective immunity to influenza

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CD4⁺ T‐cell memory: generation and multi‐faceted roles for CD4⁺ T cells in protective immunity to influenza