Regulation of Pathogenesis by Light in Cercospora zeae-maydis: An Updated Perspective

Kim, Hun; Ridenour, John B.; Dunkle, Larry D.; Bluhm, Burton H.

doi:10.5423/ppj.2011.27.2.103

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Another maize gene in the GY-s module was an orthologue of the rice and Arabidopsis CHY RING zincfinger domain proteins, the mutants of which show reduced stomatal aperture (Hsu et al, 2014). GLS pathogens enter maize leaves through stomata (Kim et al, 2011), thus this gene may represent another target of the pathogen to facilitate stomatal entry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systems genetics reveals a transcriptional network associated with susceptibility in the maize–grey leaf spot pathosystem

et al. 2017

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We used a systems genetics approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the responses of maize to grey leaf spot (GLS) disease caused by Cercospora zeina, a threat to maize production globally. Expression analysis of earleaf samples in a subtropical maize recombinant inbred line population (CML444 × SC Malawi) subjected in the field to C. zeina infection allowed detection of 20 206 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Four trans-eQTL hotspots coincided with GLS disease QTLs mapped in the same field experiment. Co-expression network analysis identified three expression modules correlated with GLS disease scores. The module (GY-s) most highly correlated with susceptibility (r = 0.71; 179 genes) was enriched for the glyoxylate pathway, lipid metabolism, diterpenoid biosynthesis and responses to pathogen molecules such as chitin. The GY-s module was enriched for genes with trans-eQTLs in hotspots on chromosomes 9 and 10, which also coincided with phenotypic QTLs for susceptibility to GLS. This transcriptional network has significant overlap with the GLS susceptibility response of maize line B73, and may reflect pathogen manipulation for nutrient acquisition and/or unsuccessful defence responses, such as kauralexin production by the diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. The co-expression module that correlated best with resistance (TQ-r; 1498 genes) was enriched for genes with trans-eQTLs in hotspots coinciding with GLS resistance QTLs on chromosome 9. Jasmonate responses were implicated in resistance to GLS through co-expression of COI1 and enrichment of genes with the Gene Ontology term 'cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex' in the TQ-r module. Consistent with this, JAZ repressor expression was highly correlated with the severity of GLS disease in the GY-s susceptibility network.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systems genetics reveals a transcriptional network associated with susceptibility in the maize–grey leaf spot pathosystem

et al. 2017

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“…nidulans , their activity may be repressed in the darkness through the action of other photoreceptors or regulatory proteins in signaling pathways governing the sexual development of F . graminearum [ 11 , 12 , 39 ], or 2) unlike the protein interaction model in A . nidulans where FphA physically interacts with LreB [ 12 ], our results showed that FgFph interacts with FgWc-1 in F .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The White Collar Complex Is Involved in Sexual Development of Fusarium graminearum

Kim

Lee

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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Sexual spores (ascospores) of Fusarium graminearum, a homothallic ascomycetous fungus, are believed to be the primary inocula for epidemics of the diseases caused by this species in cereal crops. Based on the light requirement for the formation of fruiting bodies (perithecia) of F. graminearum under laboratory conditions, we explored whether photoreceptors play an important role in sexual development. Here, we evaluated the roles of three genes encoding putative photoreceptors [a phytochrome gene (FgFph) and two white collar genes (FgWc-1 and FgWc-2)] during sexual development in F. graminearum. For functional analyses, we generated transgenic strains lacking one or two genes from the self-fertile Z3643 strain. Unlike the wild-type (WT) and add-back strains, the single deletion strains (ΔFgWc-1 and ΔFgWc-2) produced fertile perithecia under constant light on complete medium (CM, an unfavorable medium for sexual development) as well as on carrot agar (a perithecial induction condition). The expression of mating-type (MAT) genes increased significantly in the gene deletion strains compared to the WT under both conditions. Deletion of FgFph had no significant effect on sexual development or MAT gene expression. In contrast, all of the deletion strains examined did not show significant changes in other traits such as hyphal growth, mycotoxin production, and virulence. A split luciferase assay confirmed the in vivo protein-protein interactions among three photoreceptors along with FgLaeA, a global regulator of secondary metabolism and fungal development. Introduction of an intact copy of the A. nidulans LreA and LreB genes, which are homologs of FgWc-1 and FgWc-2, into the ΔFgWc-1 and ΔFgWc-2 strains, respectively, failed to repress perithecia formation on CM in the gene deletion strains. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FgWc-1 and FgWc-2, two central components of the blue-light sensing system, negatively regulate sexual development in F. graminearum, which differs from the regulation pattern in A. nidulans.

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“…In some fungal species, light regulates when toxins and other secondary metabolites are produced [30,[33][34][35][36][37][38]. In Cercospora species that produce the light-activated phytotoxin cercosporin, light induces production of the toxin, as that is when it is most effective [39,40], and no cercosporin is produced in the dark.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici senses and responds to different wavelengths of light

McCorison

Goodwin

2020

BMC Genomics

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Background: The ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici (synonyms: Mycosphaerella graminicola, Septoria tritici) is a major pathogen of wheat that causes the economically important foliar disease Septoria tritici blotch. Despite its importance as a pathogen, little is known about the reaction of this fungus to light. To test for light responses, cultures of Z. tritici were grown in vitro for 16-h days under white, blue or red light, and their transcriptomes were compared with each other and to those obtained from control cultures grown in darkness. Results: There were major differences in gene expression with over 3400 genes upregulated in one or more of the light conditions compared to dark, and from 1909 to 2573 genes specifically upregulated in the dark compared to the individual light treatments. Differences between light treatments were lower, ranging from only 79 differentially expressed genes in the red versus blue comparison to 585 between white light and red. Many of the differentially expressed genes had no functional annotations. For those that did, analysis of the Gene Ontology (GO) terms showed that those related to metabolism were enriched in all three light treatments, while those related to growth and communication were more prevalent in the dark. Interestingly, genes for effectors that have been shown previously to be involved in pathogenicity also were upregulated in one or more of the light treatments, suggesting a possible role of light for infection. Conclusions: This analysis shows that Z. tritici can sense and respond to light with a huge effect on transcript abundance. High proportions of differentially expressed genes with no functional annotations illuminates the huge gap in our understanding of light responses in this fungus. Differential expression of genes for effectors indicates that light could be important for pathogenicity; unknown effectors may show a similar pattern of transcription. A better understanding of the effects of light on pathogenicity and other biological processes of Z. tritici could help to manage Septoria tritici blotch in the future.

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Regulation of Pathogenesis by Light in Cercospora zeae-maydis: An Updated Perspective

Cited by 7 publications

References 59 publications

Systems genetics reveals a transcriptional network associated with susceptibility in the maize–grey leaf spot pathosystem

Systems genetics reveals a transcriptional network associated with susceptibility in the maize–grey leaf spot pathosystem

The White Collar Complex Is Involved in Sexual Development of Fusarium graminearum

The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici senses and responds to different wavelengths of light

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