Regulation of Pathogenesis and Symptom Expression in Diseased Plants by Ethylene

Loon, L.C. van

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6178-4_28

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…These alterations lead to early maturation and accelerated senescence (1,2,5,10). In vivo, ethylene is involved in the response of plants to pathogens (3,24). Ethylene mediation of viroid-induced developmental distortions and PR protein production has been reported (1 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ethephon on Protein Degradation and the Accumulation of `Pathogenesis-Related' (PR) Proteins in Tomato Leaf Discs

Vera

Conejero

1990

Plant Physiol.

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The effect of ethephon (2-chloroetylphosphonic acid) on the degradation of proteins and on the induction of Lycopersicon esculentum pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins was studied in tomato leaf discs. The rate of nbulose,-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) degradation was maximal in discs after 48 hours of incubation with 1 millimolar ethephon, leading to complete disappearance of Rubisco after 96 hours. This effect was correlated with an increase in PR protein synthesis and the induction of the previously reported alkaline proteolytic enzyme PR-P69 (P Vera, V Conejero [1988] Plant Physiol 87: 58-63 A wide range of plants respond to pathogen attack or to different chemical treatments with the production of a characteristic set of proteins, the PR2 proteins (25). This production seems to be mediated by ethylene (11,25,28). In tomato plants, the PR proteins fall into a group of basic proteins with mol wt ranging from 14.4 to 69 kD (1 1). The most abundant of these proteins Pl(p14) is highly homologous to PR proteins from other plant species (17, 31).Some PR proteins possess hydrolytic enzyme activities. Tomato P69 proteinase (26, 28), tobacco, and potato 1,3-,Bglucanases and chitinases (13,14,16) are the best characterized so far. Function ofPR proteins as proteinase and amylase inhibitors has also been reported ( 19).Although the biological role of PR proteins in the response of plants to biotic or abiotic stress is not well understood, the 'Supported in part by grants from Comisi6n Asesora de Investigaci6n Cientifica y Tecnica (2509/84) and from Diputaci6n de Valencia (Spain).2Abbreviations: PR, pathogenesis-related; ethephon, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid; Rubisco, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; FTC, fluorescein thiocarbamoyl derivative; pCMB, parachlormercuribenzoate; TLCK, N-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone. 227 MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant MaterialTomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv Rutgers) were cultivated in pots under natural light in a temperature controlled (25-30°C) greenhouse for 3 weeks after sowing.Discs (2 cm in diameter) from expanded leaves sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite were cut in water, thoroughly washed with water, and blotted dry. The discs were floated on 20 mL sterile solutions in Petri dishes for the indicated times. The solutions consisted of different concentrations of ethephon, adjusted to pH 7.4 with 10 mm Tes buffer. At pH 7.4, chemical acid formation by ethephon is prevented, and ethylene is liberated at a much higher rate than at lower pH (5, 30, 32). At the indicated times, sets of five discs were homogenized in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM DTT (pH 7.2), with or without 1 mm PMSF and 1 mM pCMB in a 1:2 (w/v) ratio or in 84 mm citric acid-32 mm sodium phosphate, 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (pH 2.8), in a 1:1 (w/v) proportion. The homogenates were filtered and centrifuged for 20 min at 15,000g, and the supernatant fluids were used as the crude protein solution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ethephon on Protein Degradation and the Accumulation of `Pathogenesis-Related' (PR) Proteins in Tomato Leaf Discs

Vera

Conejero

1990

Plant Physiol.

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“…In fact, some of the effects of stress cannot solely be attributed to the stress itself but are also due to autocatalytic ethylene synthesis (Van Loon 1984). These effects can be controlled by the action of an enzyme of microbial origin, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase which converts the ethylene precursor ACC to ammonia and a-ketobutyrate.…”

Section: Pgp Actinobacteria As Stress Relieversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant growth-promoting actinobacteria: a new strategy for enhancing sustainable production and protection of grain legumes

2017

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Grain legumes are a cost-effective alternative for the animal protein in improving the diets of the poor in South-East Asia and Africa. Legumes, through symbiotic nitrogen fixation, meet a major part of their own N demand and partially benefit the following crops of the system by enriching soil. In realization of this sustainability advantage and to promote pulse production, United Nations had declared 2016 as the ''International Year of pulses''. Grain legumes are frequently subjected to both abiotic and biotic stresses resulting in severe yield losses. Global yields of legumes have been stagnant for the past five decades in spite of adopting various conventional and molecular breeding approaches. Furthermore, the increasing costs and negative effects of pesticides and fertilizers for crop production necessitate the use of biological options of crop production and protection. The use of plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria for improving soil and plant health has become one of the attractive strategies for developing sustainable agricultural systems due to their eco-friendliness, low production cost and minimizing consumption of non-renewable resources. This review emphasizes on how the PGP actinobacteria and their metabolites can be used effectively in enhancing the yield and controlling the pests and pathogens of grain legumes.

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“…Ethylene has been implicated both in pathogenesis and in defense responses in infected plants [1,12,13,41] and is increased early after infection of tobacco with TMV [11]. To investigate the role of ethylene, we attempted to gain further insight into the relationship between virusinduced ethylene production, lesion development and SAR, on the one hand by applying ethylene generating compounds or inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or action and, on the other hand, in transgenic plants with modulated ethylene synthesis or insensitivity to the hormone.…”

Section: Involvement Of Ethylene In Lesion Development In Primaryinocmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ethylene is an important signaling component in the reaction of plants to pathogens, but its role in pathogenesis and resistance is far from clear [1,12,13,41]. On the one hand, application of ethylene or ethylene releasing compounds can aggravate diseases and some fungi and bacteria can produce ethylene as a pathogenicity factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of ethylene in lesion development and systemic acquired resistance in tobacco during the hypersensitive reaction to tobacco mosaic virus

Knoester

Linthorst

Bol

et al. 2001

Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology

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Dierent approaches were taken to investigate the signi®cance of ethylene in lesion development and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) reacting hypersensitively to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Gaseous ethylene, the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and the ethylene releasing compound ethephon all reduced primary lesion size when applied before or shortly after virus inoculation. Inhibiting TMV-induced ethylene production in primary infected leaves by the inhibitor of ACC-synthase 1-aminoethoxyvinylglycine, the inhibitor of ACC-oxidase cobalt chloride, or the inhibitors of ethylene action silver nitrate and 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) also reduced lesion expansion. The results support previous ®ndings that exposure of leaves to ethylene or ethylene-releasing compounds prior to inoculation causes an early cessation of lesion growth, whereas ethylene synthesized during lesion development contributes to continued lesion expansion. Local treatment with ethephon-induced systemic resistance, whereas treatment with NBD of a primary TMVinoculated leaf tended to reduce the extent of SAR attained in both upper and lower leaves. Transgenic plants with modulated ethylene levels obtained through expression of sense or antisense ACC-synthase RNA did not show alterations in primary TMV lesion size or SAR, apparently because ethylene production was not altered suciently to aect lesion development. In contrast, the use of ethylene insensitive (Tetr) plants, transformed with a mutant etr1-1 gene from Arabidopsis, con®rmed that virus-induced ethylene promotes lesion expansion and demonstrated that the hormone contributes to the level of SAR attained. In the Tetr plants the SAR response was substantially reduced. The results indicate that in tobacco ethylene perception is involved in lesion expansion, as well as in the generation and/or release of the mobile signal that induces SAR in non-infected plant parts.*

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Regulation of Pathogenesis and Symptom Expression in Diseased Plants by Ethylene

Cited by 36 publications

References 35 publications

Effect of Ethephon on Protein Degradation and the Accumulation of `Pathogenesis-Related' (PR) Proteins in Tomato Leaf Discs

Effect of Ethephon on Protein Degradation and the Accumulation of `Pathogenesis-Related' (PR) Proteins in Tomato Leaf Discs

Plant growth-promoting actinobacteria: a new strategy for enhancing sustainable production and protection of grain legumes

Involvement of ethylene in lesion development and systemic acquired resistance in tobacco during the hypersensitive reaction to tobacco mosaic virus

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