Regulation of nutrient partitioning during lactation: homeostasis and homeorhesis revisited.

Bauman, D. E.; Cronje, P. B.

doi:10.1079/9780851994635.0311

Cited by 169 publications

(239 citation statements)

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“…These tissuespecific adaptations are collectively described as 'insulin resistance', and include reduced stimulation of lipogenesis in adipose tissue and whole-body oxidation of glucose (Bauman, 2000). The net effect is to increase the availability of glucose in support of mammary glucose requirements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These responses are mediated by reduced circulating insulin concentrations, and through a series of coordinated adaptations -orchestrated by increased circulating growth hormone concentrations -to reduce peripheral tissue sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin (Bell and Bauman, 1997). In addition, adipose tissue responsiveness to lipolytic stimuli is markedly increased in early lactation to facilitate body fat mobilization in support of lactation (Bauman, 2000). Catecholamines are important signals to promote mobilization of fuel stores to meet short-term energy needs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responses of North American and New Zealand strains of Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle to homeostatic challenges during early and mid-lactation

Patton

Murphy

O’Mara

et al. 2009

Animal

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This study investigated the physiological basis of differences in nutrient partitioning between the North American (NA) and New Zealand (NZ) strains of Holstein-Friesian cattle by determining the responses to homeostatic challenges at two stages of lactation. Glucose tolerance tests, epinephrine challenges and insulin challenges were carried out on consecutive days commencing on day 32 6 0.48 (mean 6 s.e.) of lactation (T1) and again commencing on day 137 6 2.44 of lactation (T2). The insulin and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) responses to glucose infusion did not differ between the strains. The NZ strain had a greater clearance rate (CR) of glucose (2.04% v. 1.66%/min) and tended to have a shorter (34.4 v. 41.1 min) glucose half-life (t 1 2 ) at T2 when infused with glucose. The NA cows had a greater glucose response to epinephrine infusion across T1 and T2, and tended to have a greater insulin response to epinephrine infusion. Plasma NEFA concentration declined to similar nadir concentrations for both strains at T1 in response to insulin, though from a higher basal concentration in NA cows, resulting in a greater (22.29 v. 21.38) NEFA area under the response curve for NA cows. Glucose response to insulin varied with time, tending to be greater for NA at T1, but tending to be lower for NA at T2. The results indicated that NA cows had a greater glycogenolytic response to epinephrine, but both strains had similar lipolytic responses. The results also imply that higher basal circulating NEFA concentrations in the NA strain in early lactation were not due to diminished adipose tissue responsiveness to insulin. There were indications that glucose CR was greater in NZ cows in mid-lactation, and may form the basis of increased body tissue accretion during mid-to late-lactation in this strain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of North American and New Zealand strains of Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle to homeostatic challenges during early and mid-lactation

Patton

Murphy

O’Mara

et al. 2009

Animal

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“…In order to be able to predict responses, three key processes need to be quantified. First, the prediction of dry matter intake (DMI) response to dietary changes, second, rumen digestion and fermentation processes to obtain accurate estimates of nutrients available for absorption (Van Duinkerken et al, 2011;Volden, 2011;Sauvant and Nozière, 2016), and third, the partition of those absorbed nutrients between different life functions (Bauman, 2000;Friggens et al, 2013). One aspect of nutrient partitioning, the relation between changes in nutrient supply and milk production and composition, has received a lot of attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk yield and milk composition responses to change in predicted net energy and metabolizable protein: a meta-analysis

Daniel

Friggens

Chapoutot

et al. 2016

animal

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Using a meta-analysis of literature data, this study aimed to quantify the dry matter (DM) intake response to changes in diet composition, and milk responses (yield, milk component yields and milk composition) to changes in dietary net energy for lactation (NE L ) and metabolizable protein (MP) in dairy cows. From all studies included in the database, 282 experiments (825 treatments) with experimentally induced changes in either NE L or MP content were kept for this analysis. These treatments covered a wide range of diet characteristics and therefore a large part of the plausible NE L and MP contents and supplies that can be expected in practical situations. The average MP and NE L contents were, respectively (mean ± SD), 97 ± 12 g/kg DM and 6.71 ± 0.42 MJ/kg DM. On a daily supply basis, there were high between-experiment correlations for MP and NE L above maintenance. Therefore, supplies of MP and NE L above maintenance were, respectively, centred on MP supply for which MP efficiency into milk protein is 0.67, and NE L above maintenance supply for which the ratio of NE L milk/NE L above maintenance is 1.00 (centred variables were called MP 67 and NE L100 ). The majority of the selected studies used groups of multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in mid lactation, milked twice a day. Using a mixed model, between-and within-experiment variation was split to estimate DM intake and milk responses. The use of NE L100 and MP 67 supplies substantially improved the accuracy of the prediction of milk yield and milk component yields responses with, on average, a 27% lower root mean square error (RMSE) relative to using dietary NE L and MP contents as predictors. For milk composition (g/kg), the average RMSE was only 3% lower on a supply basis compared with a concentration basis. Effects of NE L and MP supplies on milk yield and milk component yields responses were additive. Increasing NE L supply increases energy partitioning towards body reserve, whereas increasing MP supply increases the partition of energy towards milk. On a nitrogen basis, the marginal efficiency decreases with increasing MP supply from 0.34 at MP 67 = −400 g/day to 0.07 at MP 67 = 300 g/day. This difference in MP 67 supply, assuming reference energy level of NE L100 = 0, equates to a global nitrogen efficiency decrease from 0.82 to 0.58. The equations accurately describe DM intake response to change in dietary contents and milk responses to change in dietary supply and content of NE L and MP across a wide range of dietary compositions.Keywords: dairy cow, milk composition, energy, protein, meta-analysis Implications Current feed evaluation systems are not suitable to predict animal responses to dietary changes. This paper quantifies average dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition responses to change in net energy and metabolizable protein. The equations were derived from a meta-analysis of literature studies, which assembles a large number of dairy cow rations with a large range in dietary net energy and metabolizable protein contents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through the coordination and interconversion of nutrients, the liver works to re-establish metabolic homeostasis to ultimately support pregnancy and/or milk production (Bell, 1995;Bauman, 2000). In this context, the uncoupling of the growth hormone (GH)-IGF axis mediates the endocrine regulation of nutrient partitioning (Bauman, 2000). This uncoupling is characterized by a decrease in hepatic GH receptor-1A (GHR1A) mRNA that leads to a refractory GH state in the liver and a subsequent decrease in hepatic synthesis and circulating concentrations of IGF-I, which work to elevate blood GH (Lucy, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of herbage allowance of native grasslands in purebred and crossbred beef cows: metabolic, endocrine and hepatic gene expression profiles through the gestation–lactation cycle

Laporta

Astessiano

López-Mazz

et al. 2014

animal

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Our objective was to evaluate the metabolic, endocrine and hepatic mRNA profiles through the gestation-lactation cycle in purebred (PU: Angus and Hereford) and crossbred (CR: reciprocal F1 crosses) mutliparous beef cows (n = 32), grazing on two herbage allowances of native pastures (2.5 v. 4 kg dry matter/kg BW; LO v. HI) and their associations with cow's productive performance (calf birth weight, milk production and commencement of luteal activity). Cow BW, body condition score (BCS) and blood samples were collected monthly, starting at − 165 days relative to calving (days), and every 2 weeks after calving until +60 days of lactation. Liver biopsies were collected at − 165, − 75, − 45, − 15 ± 10, and +15 and +60 ± 3 days. Metabolic, endocrine and hepatic gene expression profiles, and calf birth weight, milk yield and postpartum commencement of luteal activity were evaluated. Overall, the most pronounced changes in metabolic, endocrine and hepatic gene expression occurred during winter gestation (−165 to − 45 days), when all cows experienced the onset of a negative energy balance (decreased BCS, glucose and insulin, and increased non-esterified fatty acid concentrations, P < 0.008). Concentrations of insulin and IGF-I were greater (P < 0.037) in HI than in LO cows. However, serum IGF-I concentrations and hepatic growth hormone receptor (GHR) and IGF1 mRNA decreased (P < 0.05) during the winter gestation period only in HI cows. Although IGF-I concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) during the early postpartum (−15 v. + 15 days) for all cows, the typical molecular mechanism that control the uncoupling of the growth hormone-IGF1 axis during the transition period of the dairy cattle (reduced hepatic GHR1A and IGF-I mRNA) was not observed in this study. The hepatic mRNA expression of key transcripts involved in gluconeogenesis and fatty-acid oxidation were upregulated (P < 0.05) during winter gestation (from − 165 to − 45, − 15 or +15 days, depending on the cow groups). Particularly, acyl-CoA oxidase-1 mRNA was greater for CR than for PU cows during winter gestation (−75 and − 45 days), and fibroblast growth factor-21 mRNA was downregulated (P < 0.01) only for HI cows during the transition (−15 v. 15 days) and lactation period (+15 to +60 days, P < 0.01). These results, together with the greater BCS, estimated energy intake, increased milk yield and shorter commencement of luteal activity in HI than in LO, and in CR than in PU cows (P < 0.018), would indicate that HI and CR cows were able to adapt more efficiently to changes in nutrient and energy supply through the gestation-lactation cycle.

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Regulation of nutrient partitioning during lactation: homeostasis and homeorhesis revisited.

Abstract: This chapter discusses the development of the concepts of homeostasis and homeorhesis in the regulation of metabolism, regulation of nutrient use during lactation, and the mechanisms of nutrient partitioning during lactation in dairy cows.

Cited by 169 publications

References 0 publications

Responses of North American and New Zealand strains of Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle to homeostatic challenges during early and mid-lactation

Responses of North American and New Zealand strains of Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle to homeostatic challenges during early and mid-lactation

Milk yield and milk composition responses to change in predicted net energy and metabolizable protein: a meta-analysis

Effects of herbage allowance of native grasslands in purebred and crossbred beef cows: metabolic, endocrine and hepatic gene expression profiles through the gestation–lactation cycle

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