Regulation of mammary parenchymal growth by the fat pad in prepubertal dairy heifers: role of inflammation-related proteins

Thorn, Stephanie R.; Purup, Stig; Vestergaard, Mogens; Sejrsen, K.; Meyer, Matthew J.; Amburgh, M.E. Van; Boisclair, Yves R.

doi:10.1677/joe-07-0501

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, little is known about the suitability of tissue fragments from heifers in establishing primary cell cultures. Mammary epithelial cell cultures, especially organoids from heifer tissues, were analyzed in the past rather to examine the mitotic effects of cell proliferation (Berry et al 2003; Thorn et al 2008). In the current study, a very low level of CSN2 gene expression was detected in cultures obtained from all samples (heifers, lactation, and involution).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures for the study of mammary gland functions

Jedrzejczak

Szatkowska

2013

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal

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In the present study, the analysis of epithelial cells derived from various sources was undertaken, beginning from the mammary gland tissue through the primary cultures and their subsequent passages. The objective of the study was the comparative analysis of the stage in which the epithelial cells obtained from individuals in different lactation cycles and disparate phases of cell culture growth are the most suitable for morphological research and analysis of gene expression activity. The cultures of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells and passages were identified morphologically using immunocytochemical methods. After positive identification, real-time PCRs were performed for the analysis of the expression level of casein genes, whey protein genes, and butyrophilin gene. The most stable reference genes in real-time PCRs for the mammary gland tissue and cell cultures were also determined. Of the reference genes, the UXT and GAPDH genes appeared to be the most stable ones for the mammary gland tissue samples and epithelial cell cultures. The results obtained allowed concluding that the mammary gland samples collected from heifers constituted the most effective material for the initiation of primary cultures. The primary cultures formed characteristic for the mammary gland tissue dome structures, which images were obtained using confocal microscopy. The highest levels of expression of the CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3 genes were detected in primary cultures. The levels of expression of whey protein genes (LALBA and BGL) were highest in the second passage. The most abundant expression of the BTN1A1 gene was observed in primary cultures and the third passage. On the basis of the whole experiment, it can be concluded that primary cultures and cells of the second passage derived from heifer individuals appeared to be the best materials for the analysis of mammary gland function and gene expression activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures for the study of mammary gland functions

Jedrzejczak

Szatkowska

2013

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal

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“…The parenchyma is the portion of the mammary gland (udder) that is considered to be the functional aspect of the gland as this region contains the mammary epithelial cells (MECs) 32. MECs, responsible for producing milk, are the focus of the majority of research pertaining to mammary gland in cattle.…”

Section: Structural and Functional Anatomy Of The Bovine Mammary Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stem Cell Research: A Novel Boulevard towards Improved Bovine Mastitis Management

Sharma

Jeong

2013

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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The dairy industry is a multi-billion dollar industry catering the nutritional needs of all age groups globally through the supply of milk. Clinical mastitis has a severe impact on udder tissue and is also an animal welfare issue. Moreover, it significantly reduces animal value and milk production. Mammary tissue damage reduces the number and activity of epithelial cells and consequently contributes to decreased milk production. The high incidence, low cure rate of this highly economic and sometimes deadly disease is an alarming for dairy sector as well as policy makers. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and their stem cells are very important in milk production and bioengineering. The adult mammary epithelium consists of two main cell types; an inner layer of luminal epithelial cells, which produce the milk during lactation, and an outer layer of myoepithelial cells resting on a basement membrane, which are responsible for pushing the milk through the ductal network to the teat cistern. Inner layer of columner/luminal cells of bovine MECs, is characterized by cytokeratin18, 19 (CK18, CK19) and outer layer such as myoepithelial cells which are characterized by CK14, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and p63. Much work has been done in mouse and human, on mammary gland stem cell research, particularly in cancer therapy, but stem cell research in bovine is still in its infancy. Such stem/progenitor cell discoveries in human and mouse mammary gland bring some hope for application in bovines. These progenitors may be therapeutically adopted to correct the structural/cytological defects in the bovine udder due to mastitis. In the present review we focused on various kinds of stem/progenitor cells which can have therapeutic utility and their possibilities to use as a potential stem cell therapy in the management of bovine post-mastitis damage in orders to restore milk production. The possibilities of bovine mammary stem cell therapy offers significant potential for regeneration of tissues that can potentially replace/repair diseased and damaged tissue through differentiation into epithelial, myoepithelial and/or cuboidal/columnar cells in the udder with minimal risk of rejection and side effects.

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“…The responses to these proteins were also measured in MAC-T cells at Cornell University (Thorn et al, 2008), and the results showed that the responses in MAC-T cells were very similar to primary mammary epithelial cells.…”

Section: Cell-based Models Of the Mammary Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent study, primary mammary cells were also used as a model system in which responses to inflammation-related proteins TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6, MCP-1 and PAI-1 were measured (Thorn et al, 2008). The responses to these proteins were also measured in MAC-T cells at Cornell University (Thorn et al, 2008), and the results showed that the responses in MAC-T cells were very similar to primary mammary epithelial cells.…”

Section: Cell-based Models Of the Mammary Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-based models to test the effects of milk-derived bioactives

Purup

Nielsen²

2012

Animal

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The life science industries have a strong interest in screening for novel bioactives in complex mixtures like milk and dairy products. Food bioactives are not only important for public health in general, but also have potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of a number of diseases. To identify these novel bioactives, establishment of robust screening assays is essential. The use of in vitro cell-based models for screening and testing have the advantage that several concentrations of mixtures or specific compounds can be assayed at the same time in cells from specific tissues. Primary cell cultures from target organs or established cell lines can be used to identify the most sensitive cells. In addition, a large number of transfected cell lines with very specific sensitivities have been developed. Different endpoints inherent to basal or more sophisticated cellular functions can be investigated, such as cell viability, apoptosis, migration, intracellular signalling, regulation of gene expression, morphology and metabolic alterations. The gastrointestinal tract is an obvious target for bioactive molecules delivered through milk and dairy products, because it lies at the interface between dietary components in the lumen and the internal processes of the host. Identification of bioactive factors that affects proliferation or migration of epithelial cells may have potential applications in promoting gastrointestinal health in both humans and animals. The mammary gland is another target organ of considerable interest since it has been estimated that up to 50% of all newly diagnosed breast cancers may be related to dietary factors. A large number of gastrointestinal and mammary epithelial cell lines are commercially available, but in order to study some cellular functions, primary cultures of freshly isolated cells are often preferred, as established cell lines do not always express specialised properties in culture.

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Regulation of mammary parenchymal growth by the fat pad in prepubertal dairy heifers: role of inflammation-related proteins

Cited by 17 publications

References 43 publications

Bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures for the study of mammary gland functions

Bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures for the study of mammary gland functions

Stem Cell Research: A Novel Boulevard towards Improved Bovine Mastitis Management

Cell-based models to test the effects of milk-derived bioactives

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