Regulation of malate metabolism in grape berry and other developing fruits

Sweetman, Crystal; Deluc, Laurent G.; Cramer, Grant R.; Ford, Christopher M.; Soole, Kathleen L.

doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.08.006

Cited by 359 publications

(320 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…This decrease in organic acids could be brought about either by a restriction of their synthesis or an enhanced degradation potentially initially catalyzed by NAD-ME, NADP-ME, or PEPCK. Malic acid has long been implicated in the physiology of fruit ripening (Carrari and Fernie, 2006;Sweetman et al, 2009). It has recently been demonstrated that the level of malic acid plays an important role in the regulation of starch biosynthesis and thereby the accumulation of total soluble solid during tomato ripening.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration of the Interconversion of Pyruvate and Malate in the Plastid or Cytosol of Ripening Tomato Fruit Invokes Diverse Consequences on Sugar But Similar Effects on Cellular Organic Acid, Metabolism, and Transitory Starch Accumulation

et al. 2012

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The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of decreased cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and plastidic NADP-dependent malic enzyme (ME) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ripening. Transgenic tomato plants with strongly reduced levels of PEPCK and plastidic NADP-ME were generated by RNA interference gene silencing under the control of a ripening-specific E8 promoter. While these genetic modifications had relatively little effect on the total fruit yield and size, they had strong effects on fruit metabolism. Both transformants were characterized by lower levels of starch at breaker stage. Analysis of the activation state of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase correlated with the decrease of starch in both transformants, which suggests that it is due to an altered cellular redox status. Moreover, metabolic profiling and feeding experiments involving positionally labeled glucoses of fruits lacking in plastidic NADP-ME and cytosolic PEPCK activities revealed differential changes in overall respiration rates and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux. Inactivation of cytosolic PEPCK affected the respiration rate, which suggests that an excess of oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate and reintroduced in the TCA cycle via 2-oxoglutarate/glutamate. On the other hand, the plastidic NADP-ME antisense lines were characterized by no changes in respiration rates and TCA cycle flux, which together with increases of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities indicate that pyruvate is supplied through these enzymes to the TCA cycle. These results are discussed in the context of current models of the importance of malate during tomato fruit ripening.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration of the Interconversion of Pyruvate and Malate in the Plastid or Cytosol of Ripening Tomato Fruit Invokes Diverse Consequences on Sugar But Similar Effects on Cellular Organic Acid, Metabolism, and Transitory Starch Accumulation

et al. 2012

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“…In contrast, the precursor of MA is sucrose which is translocated from the leaves to the green berries. The main enzymes involved in malate synthesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC, and malate dehydrogenase, MDH) have been identified and shown to be active in grape berries (Taureilles-Saurel et al 1995a, 1995bFernie and Martinoia 2009;Sweetman et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The vacuolar channel VvALMT9 mediates malate and tartrate accumulation in berries of Vitis vinifera

Angeli

Baetz

Francisco

et al. 2013

Planta

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Vitis vinifera L. represents an economically important fruit species. Grape and wine flavour is made from a complex set of compounds. The acidity of berries is a major parameter in determining grape berry quality for wine making and fruit consumption. Despite the importance of malic and tartaric acid (TA) storage and transport for grape berry acidity, no vacuolar transporter for malate or tartrate has been identified so far. Some members of the aluminium-activated malate transporter (ALMT) anion channel family from Arabidopsis thaliana have been shown to be involved in mediating malate fluxes across the tonoplast. Therefore, we hypothesised that a homologue of these channels could have a similar role in V. vinifera grape berries. We identified homologues of the Arabidopsis vacuolar anion channel AtALMT9 through a TBLASTX search on the V. vinifera genome database. We cloned the closest homologue of AtALMT9 from grape berry cDNA and designated it VvALMT9. The expression profile revealed that VvALMT9 is constitutively expressed in berry mesocarp tissue and that its transcription level increases during fruit maturation. Moreover, we found that VvALMT9 is targeted to the vacuolar membrane. Using patch-clamp analysis, we could show that, besides malate, VvALMT9 mediates tartrate currents which are higher than in its Arabidopsis homologue. In summary, in the present study we provide evidence that VvALMT9 is a vacuolar malate channel expressed in grape berries. Interestingly, in V. vinifera, a tartrate-producing plant, the permeability of the channel is apparently adjusted to TA. AbstractVitis vinifera L. represents an economically important fruit species. Grape and wine flavour is made of a complex set of compounds. The acidity of berries is a major parameter in determining grape berry quality for wine making and for fruit consumption. Despite the importance of malic and tartaric acid storage and transport for grape berry acidity no vacuolar transporter for malate or tartrate has been identified so far. Some members of the ALMT (ALuminium activated Malate Transporter) anion channel family from Arabidopsis thaliana have been shown to be involved in mediating malate fluxes across the tonoplast. Therefore, we hypothesized that a homologue of these channels could have a similar role in V. vinifera grape berries. We identified homologues of the Arabidopsis vacuolar anion channel AtALMT9 through a TBLASTX search on the V. vinifera genome database. We cloned the closest homologue of AtALMT9 from grape berry cDNA and designated it VvALMT9. The expression profile revealed that VvALMT9 is constitutively expressed in berry mesocarp tissue and that its transcription level increases during fruit maturation. Moreover, we found that VvALMT9 is targeted to the vacuolar membrane. Using patch-clamp analysis we could show that, besides malate, VvALMT9 mediates tartrate currents which are higher than in its Arabidopsis homologue. In summary, in the present study we provide evidence that VvALMT9 is a vacuolar malate channel expr...

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“…Another means of malate synthesis in the berry is photosynthesis. After the veraison, malate starts to catabolize through various alleys, and it is likely a vital resource of carbon for certain pathways (Sweetman et al, 2009). Enzymes which are thought to be responsible for potential metabolic pathways involving malate in fruit cells were detected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ADH plays a central role in stress-response and could be a fruit-ripening related marker on grapevine. The up-regulation of some ADH genes for fruit-ripening implies that ethanol fermentation is a normal development response in grapes (Sarni-Manchado et al, 1997;Sweetman et al, 2009;Terrier et al, 2005). And Tesniere et al (2009) found that over-expression or down-regulation of VvADH resulted in unexpected responses at the primary and secondary metabolism levels in leaves and berries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation and Analysis of ESTs in <i>V. amurensis</i> Grapevine Pericarp at Veraison

Ji¹,

Ли²,

Zhang³

et al. 2012

mpb

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In this study, we constructed the cDNA library of grape berry pericarp at veraison from wine grape 'Shuang Feng' (V. amurensis), and generated total 974 ESTs, representing the independent cDNA in length of around 392 672 bp, of which 710 unigenes were clustered into 97 contigs and 613 singletons based on quality of EST sequence and optimum assembly. 64.65% clones exhibited high homology to previously deposited nucleotides and/or polypeptide sequences, while the proportion of ESTs with no any significant homology in database reached 25.63%. Analysis of the unigenes resulted in the assignment of 9 specific functional classes in this research. Putative functions were identified for about 74.13% of the unigenes. By assigning them to specific function classes, we were able to highlight characteristics among different ripening phases. GO classification was performed to define the relationship among genes expressing in pericarp of wine grape berry, which were involved in three aspects including cell component, biological process and molecular function. Expression analysis of these ESTs were used to characterize potential roles of novel genes with respect to berry ripening and composition of wine grape.

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Regulation of malate metabolism in grape berry and other developing fruits

Cited by 359 publications

References 131 publications

Alteration of the Interconversion of Pyruvate and Malate in the Plastid or Cytosol of Ripening Tomato Fruit Invokes Diverse Consequences on Sugar But Similar Effects on Cellular Organic Acid, Metabolism, and Transitory Starch Accumulation

Alteration of the Interconversion of Pyruvate and Malate in the Plastid or Cytosol of Ripening Tomato Fruit Invokes Diverse Consequences on Sugar But Similar Effects on Cellular Organic Acid, Metabolism, and Transitory Starch Accumulation

The vacuolar channel VvALMT9 mediates malate and tartrate accumulation in berries of Vitis vinifera

Generation and Analysis of ESTs in <i>V. amurensis</i> Grapevine Pericarp at Veraison

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