Regulation of immunoreactive GAP-43 expression in rat cortical macroglia is cell type specific.

Cunha, Anna da; Vitkoviç, Ljubiša

doi:10.1083/jcb.111.1.209

Cited by 68 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The very high expression of GAP-43 from ϳ27 PC weeks to term birth (40 PC weeks) indicates that axons are actively growing during the period in which diffuse and focal white matter damage associated with PVL most often occurs. Of note, GAP-43 expression has been shown in rat progenitor oligodendrocytes in vitro (da Cunha and Vitkovic, 1990;Deloulme et al, 1990) and in vivo (Curtis et al, 1991). In humans, however, oligodendrocyte expression of GAP-43 has not been reported, and GAP-43 mRNA is found to be neuron-specific (Curtis et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant

Haynes

Borenstein

DeSilva

et al. 2005

J of Comparative Neurology

187

144

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After completion of neuronal migration to form the cerebral cortex, axons undergo rapid elongation to their intra- and subcortical targets, from midgestation through infancy. We define axonal development in the human parietal white matter in this critical period. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed on 46 normative cases from 20-183 postconceptional (PC) weeks. Anti-SMI 312, a pan-marker of neurofilaments, stained axons as early as 23 weeks. Anti-SMI 32, a marker for nonphosphorylated neurofilament high molecular weight (NFH), primarily stained neuronal cell bodies (cortical, subcortical, and Cajal-Retzius). Anti-SMI 31, which stains phosphorylated NFH, was used as a marker of axonal maturity, and showed relatively low levels of staining (approximately one-fourth of adult levels) from 24-34 PC weeks. GAP-43, a marker of axonal growth and elongation, showed high levels of expression in the white matter from 21-64 PC weeks and lower, adult-like levels beyond 17 postnatal months. The onset of myelination, as seen by myelin basic protein expression, was approximately 54 weeks, with progression to "adult-like" staining by 72-92 PC weeks. This study provides major insight into axonal maturation during a critical period of growth, over an age range not previously examined and one coinciding with the peak period of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the major disorder underlying cerebral palsy in premature infants. These data suggest that immature axons are susceptible to damage in PVL and that the timing of axonal maturation must be considered toward establishing its pathology relative to the oligodendrocyte/myelin/axonal unit.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant

Haynes

Borenstein

DeSilva

et al. 2005

J of Comparative Neurology

187

144

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“…In addition, studies on rat glial cell cultures have provided evidence that the regulation of GAP-43 is cell type-specific since protoplasmic type 1 astrocytes down-regulate it, while fibrous type 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes continuously express it [2, 5 , 171. Functional implications from these observations are that GAP-43 synthesis and expression is strictly related to the formation and maintenance of branched or unbranched cell processes of glial cells [4] and other non-neuronal cells (221. In the present study, the majority of GFAP-positive cells are polygonal, flat elements, resembling type 1 astrocytes described by Raff et aZ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression and distribution of GAP‐43 in human astrocytes in culture

Moretto

Monaco

et al. 1995

Neuropathology Appl Neurobio

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By combining mRNA analysis and immunocytochemistry, we investigated the expression of the growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) in enriched populations of astrocytes, obtained from mixed cultures of human fetal brains. Total cellular RNA was extracted from cell pellets and reverse transcribed into cDNA; cDNA was subjected to PCR amplification using primers specific for GAP-43 and PCR products were separated through polyacrylamide gels. Double immunofluorescence staining was performed on dissociated cell cultures using antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and to GAP-43. Results showed that both transcription and translation for GAP-43 occur in cultured astrocytes. GAP-43 immunoreacting material was detected in the cell processes and diffusely in the cytoplasm of GFAP-positive astrocytes, during early stages of maintenance in vitro. In older cultures, GAP-43 immunoreactivity persisted in a large percentage of cells, with a tendency to accumulate in perinuclear areas. These observations provide evidence that GAP-43 is not restricted to neuronal cells. The close spatial association with cytoskeletal constituents, as observed in astrocytes, suggests a role for this protein in the control of cell shape, motility and adhesion processes.

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“…Like MARCKS, GAP-43 is a specific substrate of PKC, but differs in its distribution being restricted to the nervous system [32,33]. Although GAP-43 was originally thought to be neuronal-specific, recent evidence indicates that it is also expressed by glial cells and, in particular, developing oligodendrocytes [34,35).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Expression of Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C-Kinase Substrate in Oligodendrocytes Is Developmentally Regulated

Bhat

Zhang²,

Bhat³

1995

Dev Neurosci

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Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), a major substrate of activated protein kinase C (PKC), is thought to be involved in PKC-mediated signal transduction events. In the present study, we have examined the expression of MARCKS in primary cultures of rat glial cells. Western blot analysis of different glial cell types (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia) revealed a relatively high level of MARCKS protein in oligodendrocytes. MARCKS protein and MARCKS mRNA levels in oligodendrocytes increased with time in culture, indicating a developmental regulation in MARCKS gene expression in differentiating oligodendrocytes. Immunocytochemical examination of developing oligodendrocytes indicated a strong labeling of MARCKS distributed both in the cell body and in the lacy network of processes. These findings, in concert with our previous observations on the role of PKC in oligodendrogenesis, strongly implicate a PKC-signaling system in oligodendrocyte development.

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Regulation of immunoreactive GAP-43 expression in rat cortical macroglia is cell type specific.

Abstract: Abstract. Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) is an abundant, intensely investigated membrane phosphoprotein of the nervous system (Benowitz, L.

Cited by 68 publications

References 38 publications

Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant

Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant

Expression and distribution of GAP‐43 in human astrocytes in culture

The Expression of Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C-Kinase Substrate in Oligodendrocytes Is Developmentally Regulated

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