“…IL-17 exhibits Ag-presenting, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities in T cells (20,21) and promotes the secretions of multiple other cytokines, including IL-1a, IL-6, IL-23, and TNF-a (22). Recently, some proinflammatory factors, like IL-17s and TNF, have also been identified in mollusks (23)(24)(25)(26)(27). IL-17s and TNF in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and pearl oyster Pinctada fucata were reported to play important roles in mediating the clearance of extracellular bacteria (23,25,27).…”