Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators are very attractive therapeutic targets in cancer. Since most cancer cells display increased glycolysis, elucidations of the effects of PKC activation on glycolysis is necessary for the development of effective medicine. In the present study, to clarify the role of PKC in the regulation of glycolysis, we examined the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, on the expression and activity of glucose and lactic acid metabolism-related genes in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells). In parallel to increases in glucose uptake and mRNA levels of glucose transporters (GLUTs) induced by PMA treatment for 6 h, the hexokinase (HK) mRNA level and activity were also significantly increased in RD cells. On the other hand, a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) mRNA level and activity was seen when the cells were incubated with PMA for 24 h, but not for 6 or 12 h, and was associated with lactic acid production. These effects by PMA treatment were markedly suppressed by Bisindolylmaleimide (BIM), a PKC inhibitor. Furthermore, chetomin, a hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) inhibitor, completely abrogated the increment of LDH mRNA level and activity as well as monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 4, a lactic acid efflux transporter. In conclusion, we found that HK and LDH activity induced by PKC activation was associated with the glucose uptake and lactic acid level and that LDH and MCT4 are modulated by a common factor, HIF-1.
Key words glycolysis; protein kinase C; skeletal muscleGlucose is widely recognized as a central compound in metabolism, and glucose homeostasis as a whole is highly regulated in physiology.1) Glucose utilization is related to the ability of glucose to transfer across the plasma membrane, a step in which glucose transporters (GLUTs) play an essential role.2) The absorbed glucose is then phosphorylated by hexokinase (HK) in the cytoplasm to form glucose-6-phosphate for metabolic utilization, the first step of glucose metabolism. Two isoforms of HK (type I and type II) are expressed in skeletal muscle.3) On the other hand, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) mediates lactic acid production from glucose metabolites 4) and human LDH-the M form, predominantly found in muscle; and the H form, found mainly in cardiac muscle.5) The lactic acid produced by LDH was released by monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 4. MCT4 is thought to play a primary role in the efflux of lactic acid from muscle fibers, and its expression has been shown to be associated with indices of glycolytic capacities, 6) Halestrap and Price reported that MCT4 might be of particular importance in organization that depends on high levels of glycolysis to comply their energy needs.
7)Protein kinase C (PKC) plays important roles in intracellular signaling involved in many cellular responses. 8) PKC activation occurs during contractions of rat skeletal muscle.
9)Moreover, there is evidence that some PKC isoforms have a role in exercise-mediated glucose transport.10) And PKC affected th...