Regulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Human T Lymphocytes by Nitric Oxide

Abstract

Addition of nitric oxide (NO) donors to mitogen-activated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1

Antitubercular therapy decreases nitric oxide production in HIV/TB coinfected patients

“…It is pertinent to note that NO is involved in HIV-1 replication, especially that induced by TNF-α. [1] There might, therefore, be a self perpetuating mechanism wherein HIV replication leads to increased NO production and the latter increases the rate of HIV multiplication.…”

“…[1] It is synthesized from L- arginine by a family of three enzyme NO synthase (NOS) proteins, two of which are constitutive (type I and III) and one inducible (type II or iNOS). [2] Citrulline is released by the above reaction.…”

“…[12] Elevated levels of NO among patients with HIV/TB coinfection have also been reported. [13-15] The relevance of NO production in HIV infection lies in the ability of the former to modulate the replication of the latter [1,16,17]. Further, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Myco.…”

Role of nitric oxide in immune responses against viruses: beyond microbicidal activity

“…HIV induced iNOS expression in infected cells, and NO increased viral LTR (long terminal repeat) expression and replication [32]. In addition to these factors, some cytokines induced by infection, such as TNF-a and IFN-c, stimulated NO production in infected macrophages [33].…”

The Role of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Proteins and Antiretroviral Drug Therapy in HIV-1-Induced Oxidative Stress

“…Following up the changes in nitrite/nitrate levels in the human tissues and plasma samples can be an important tool in understanding NO involvement. Although NO is an important mediator of the immune response against microorganisms, NO that is produced during the infectious diseases may be also deleterious, particularly in HIV-1 infection where may contribute to AIDS pathogenesis by enhancing viral replication in lymphocytes (Jimenez et al, 2001) and monocytes (Blond et al, 2000), increasing lymphocyte apoptosis (Mossalayi et al, 1999), and participating in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related dementia complex (Adamson et al, 1996). A study demonstrated impaired iNOS mRNA expression and NO levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1 infected patients, either in vivo or in vitro HIV-1 infection of normal cells (Cairoli et al, 2008).…”