Regulation of Grid-efficient Charging  from the User's Perspective

Dreisbusch, Marina; Mang, Stefan; Ried, Sabrina; Kellerer, Franziska; Pfab, Xaver

doi:10.1007/s38313-020-0324-5

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Interoperability is crucial in the charging process and is the subject of intensive research [24]. New legislation already seeks the optimal exploitation of alternative charging sources by means of price regulation [25]. Engel et al studied the effects of the increase in the share of electric vehicles to local peak loads and the slope of the evening ramp in a residential feeder circuit [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interaction between Short- and Long-Term Energy Storage in an nZEB Office Building

Stamatellos,

Stamatellou

2024

Energies

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The establishment of near-autonomous micro-grids in commercial or public building complexes is gaining increasing popularity. Short-term storage capacity is provided by means of large battery installations, or, more often, by the employees’ increasing use of electric vehicle batteries, which are allowed to operate in bi-directional charging mode. In addition to the above short-term storage means, a long-term storage medium is considered essential to the optimal operation of the building’s micro-grid. The most promising long-term energy storage carrier is hydrogen, which is produced by standard electrolyzer units by exploiting the surplus electricity produced by photovoltaic installation, due to the seasonal or weekly variation in a building’s electricity consumption. To this end, a novel concept is studied in this paper. The details of the proposed concept are described in the context of a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) and the associated micro-grid. The hydrogen produced is stored in a high-pressure tank to be used occasionally as fuel in an advanced technology hydrogen spark ignition engine, which moves a synchronous generator. A size optimization study is carried out to determine the genset’s rating, the electrolyzer units’ capacity and the tilt angle of the rooftop’s photovoltaic panels, which minimize the building’s interaction with the external grid. The hydrogen-fueled genset engine is optimally sized to 40 kW (0.18 kW/kWp PV). The optimal tilt angle of the rooftop PV panels is 39°. The maximum capacity of the electrolyzer units is optimized to 72 kW (0.33 kWmax/kWp PV). The resulting system is tacitly assumed to integrate to an external hydrogen network to make up for the expected mismatches between hydrogen production and consumption. The significance of technology in addressing the current challenges in the field of energy storage and micro-grid optimization is discussed, with an emphasis on its potential benefits. Moreover, areas for further research are highlighted, aiming to further advance sustainable energy solutions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interaction between Short- and Long-Term Energy Storage in an nZEB Office Building

Stamatellos,

Stamatellou

2024

Energies

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Energy Analysis of a NZEB Office Building with Rooftop PV Installation: Exploitation of the Employees’ Electric Vehicles Battery Storage

2022

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Near zero energy buildings are increasing worldwide, exploiting low-carbon technologies in heating and electricity self-production. Commercial buildings are increasingly considered as candidates for the installation of smart micro-grids, which may profit from the added storage capacity of the batteries of employees electric vehicles, stationed during daytime in their charging lots. Smart exploitation of the interaction of these electricity sources and sinks may prove essential to address the complex electricity network demand patterns in today’s fast changing energy mixture. The interaction of an efficient office building’s energy system with a big rooftop photovoltaic installation and the aggregate storage capacity of 40 electric cars that are connected in the building’s charging lots is studied by means of transient simulation in TRNSYS environment. The 18-zone building’s heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system, the cars’ batteries, and photovoltaic systems’ interactions are analyzed on a monthly, seasonal, and hourly basis, against the respective demand curves of the Greek network. The results suggest that the specific system’s size may profitably support the operation of a smart micro-grid. The total annual electricity consumption of the building is computed to reach 112,000 kWh, or 20 kWh/m2y. The annual electricity needs of the 40 electric cars, amounting to 101,000 kWh, can be fully met with 30% of the photovoltaic electricity production. Thus, the building becomes a net exporter of electricity to the network, with maximum exported electricity occurring daily between 12:00 and 14:00, which is favorable to meeting the demand curve. Thus, the establishment of smart micro-grids in commercial buildings with large rooftop photovoltaic panels’ capacity and a significant number of electric cars in the employees’ car fleet is quite effective in this direction.

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Study of an nZEB Office Building with Storage in Electric Vehicle Batteries and Dispatch of a Natural Gas-Fuelled Generator

Stamatellos

Stamatelos

2023

Energies

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The rapid electrification of vehicles has led to a great increase in numbers of charging stations and a growing appetite for charging power, with stochastic charging behaviours heavily loading the electricity grid. The upcoming difficulties and increasing costs associated with electricity production will require a rapid development of smart grids and city networks. Smart micro-grids established in nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) are a promising strategy to support grid stability and resilience at a reduced cost. A significant amount of electricity storage capacity is necessary for optimal dispatch of the self-produced photovoltaic electricity. For office buildings, this capacity can be provided by the aggregate battery storage of the employees’ electric vehicles, which connect to the smart grid during working hours for charging and, if allowed, for discharging. An additional, fully controllable electricity source that is necessary to support an optimal micro-grid is the internal combustion engine-powered generator that is present in every commercial and office building as an emergency power supply. In the current study, a preliminary investigation of a smart micro-grid in a near zero-energy office building with a 218 kWp rooftop photovoltaic installation is carried out. The required electricity storage capacity is supplied by the employees’ electric vehicles, which stay connected to the building’s in-house chargers during working hours. The optimal rating of the natural gas-fuelled GenSet is determined based on a system’s operation and control study. Optimal dispatch of the different power sources to support the building’s autonomy and seasonal timing of electricity export to the grid is studied versus the electricity demand profiles of the electricity grid.

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Regulation of Grid-efficient Charging from the User's Perspective

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The Interaction between Short- and Long-Term Energy Storage in an nZEB Office Building

The Interaction between Short- and Long-Term Energy Storage in an nZEB Office Building

Energy Analysis of a NZEB Office Building with Rooftop PV Installation: Exploitation of the Employees’ Electric Vehicles Battery Storage

Study of an nZEB Office Building with Storage in Electric Vehicle Batteries and Dispatch of a Natural Gas-Fuelled Generator

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