Regulation of Expression and Latency in BLV and HTLV

Pluta, Aneta; Jaworski, Juan Pablo; Douville, Renée N.

doi:10.3390/v12101079

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 245 publications

(323 reference statements)

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“…Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus closely related to HTLV-1 that causes B-cell lymphoma in ~5% of infected animals and has been proposed as a model for investigating the transmission, latency and pathogenesis of both BLV and HTLV [ 149 , 152 ]. In addition to cattle, BLV may infect sheep, and both species can develop leukemia and lymphoma.…”

Section: Htlv-1-related Virus and Animal Models Of Leukemogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models

Forlani

Shallak

Accolla

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Since the discovery of the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), cellular and animal models have provided invaluable contributions in the knowledge of viral infection, transmission and progression of HTLV-associated diseases. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of the aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and inflammatory diseases such as the HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Cell models contribute to defining the role of HTLV proteins, as well as the mechanisms of cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. Otherwise, selected and engineered animal models are currently applied to recapitulate in vivo the HTLV-1 associated pathogenesis and to verify the effectiveness of viral therapy and host immune response. Here we review the current cell models for studying virus–host interaction, cellular restriction factors and cell pathway deregulation mediated by HTLV products. We recapitulate the most effective animal models applied to investigate the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases such as transgenic and humanized mice, rabbit and monkey models. Finally, we summarize the studies on STLV and BLV, two closely related HTLV-1 viruses in animals. The most recent anticancer and HAM/TSP therapies are also discussed in view of the most reliable experimental models that may accelerate the translation from the experimental findings to effective therapies in infected patients.

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Section: Htlv-1-related Virus and Animal Models Of Leukemogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models

Forlani

Shallak

Accolla

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…Even in other retroviruses which do not specifically target immune cell types, the antiviral response is a signaling pathway that coincides with infection, and encoding regulatory motifs that allow viral transcription to be upregulated by this pathway may be a way for the virus to hijack cellular antiviral signaling and turn it into an advantage. In addition, HIV‐1, along with a number of other retroviruses, persists long term in an infected host organism through a program of transcriptionally silent latency, punctuated by transcriptionally active reactivation events 50,139,140 . It is known that these reactivation events can be triggered by external activation of the immune response, including secondary infection, cellular stress or injury, or inflammation.…”

Section: Why Are Viruses Repeatedly Co‐opted For Immunity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging roles for endogenous retroviruses in immune epigenetic regulation*

Buttler

Chuong

2021

Immunological Reviews

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In recent years, there has been significant progress toward understanding the transcriptional networks underlying mammalian immune responses, fueled by advances in regulatory genomic technologies. Epigenomic studies profiling immune cells have generated detailed genome‐wide maps of regulatory elements that will be key to deciphering the regulatory networks underlying cellular immune responses and autoimmune disorders. Unbiased analyses of these genomic maps have uncovered endogenous retroviruses as an unexpected ally in the regulation of human immune systems. Despite their parasitic origins, studies are finding an increasing number of examples of retroviral sequences having been co‐opted for beneficial immune function and regulation by the host cell. Here, we review how endogenous retroviruses have given rise to numerous regulatory elements that shape the epigenetic landscape of host immune responses. We will discuss the implications of these elements on the function, dysfunction, and evolution of innate immunity.

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“…This is observed, for instance, in two human retroviruses: HIV-1 and HTLV-1. For HIV-1, the overlap involves the env , tat , and rev genes [ 39 ], and for HTLV-1 it involves the p13/p30 , tax , and rex genes [ 40 ]. Significantly fewer are the examples in which the pair of overlapping ORFs are encoded on different DNA strands, and therefore in opposite orientations.…”

Section: A Special Kind Of Overprinting: Antisense Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block

Gholizadeh

Iqbal

et al. 2021

Vaccines

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Viruses have developed incredibly creative ways of making a virtue out of necessity, including taking full advantage of their small genomes. Indeed, viruses often encode multiple proteins within the same genomic region by using two or more reading frames in both orientations through a process called overprinting. Complex retroviruses provide compelling examples of that. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome expresses sixteen proteins from nine genes that are encoded in the three positive-sense reading frames. In addition, the genome of some HIV-1 strains contains a tenth gene in one of the negative-sense reading frames. The so-called Antisense Protein (ASP) gene overlaps the HIV-1 Rev Response Element (RRE) and the envelope glycoprotein gene, and encodes a highly hydrophobic protein of ~190 amino acids. Despite being identified over thirty years ago, relatively few studies have investigated the role that ASP may play in the virus lifecycle, and its expression in vivo is still questioned. Here we review the current knowledge about ASP, and we discuss some of the many unanswered questions.

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Regulation of Expression and Latency in BLV and HTLV

Cited by 17 publications

References 245 publications

HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models

HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models

Emerging roles for endogenous retroviruses in immune epigenetic regulation*

The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block

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