Conspectus
The realization of intelligent,
self-powered components and devices
exploiting the piezoelectric effect at large scale might greatly contribute
to improve our efficiency in using resources, albeit a profound redesign
of the materials and architectures used in current electronic systems
would be necessary. Piezoelectricity is a property of certain materials
to generate an electrical bias in response to a mechanical deformation.
This effect enables energy to be harvested from strain and vibration
modes, and to sustain the power of actuators, transducers, and sensors
in integrated networks, such as those necessary for the Internet of
Thing. Polymers, combining structural flexibility with lightweight
construction and ease of processing, have been largely used in this
framework. In particular, the poly(vinylidene fluoride) [PVDF, (CH
2
CF
2
)
n
] and its copolymers
exhibit strong piezoelectric response, are biocompatibile, can endure
large strains and can be easily shaped in the form of nanomaterials.
Confined geometries, improving crystal orientation and enhancing piezoelectricity
enable the fabrication of piezoelectric nanogenerators, which satisfy
many important technological requirements, such as conformability,
cheap fabrication, self-powering, and operation with low-frequency
mechanical inputs (Hz scale). This account reports on piezoelectric
polymer nanofibers made by electrospinning. This technique enables
the formation of high-aspect-ratio filaments, such as nanowires and
nanofibers, through the application of high electric fields (i.e.,
on the order of hundreds of kV/m) and stretching forces to a polymeric
solution. The solution might be charged with functional, organic or
inorganic, fillers or dopants. The solution is then fed at a controlled
flow rate through a metallic spinneret or forms a bath volume, from
which nanofibers are delivered. Fibers are then collected onto metallic
surfaces, and upon a change of the collecting geometry, they can form
nonwovens, controlled arrays, or isolated features. Nanofibers show
unique features, which include their versatility in terms of achievable
chemical composition and chemico-physical properties. In addition,
electrospinning can be up-scaled for industrial production. Insight
into the energy generation mechanism and how the interaction among
fibers can be used to enhance the piezoelectric performance are given
in this paper, followed by an overview of fiber networks as the active
layer in different device geometries for sensing, monitoring, and
signal recognition. The use of biodegradable polymers, both natural
and synthetic, as critically important building blocks of the roadmap
for next-generation piezoelectric devices, is also discussed, with
some representative examples. In particular, biodegradable materials
have been utilized for applications related to life science, such
as the realization of active scaffolds and of electronic devices to
be placed in intim...