Regulation of bone health through physical exercise: Mechanisms and types

Chang, Xinyu; Xu, Sheng; Zhang, Hao

doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1029475

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Similar to how mechanical stress on bones, like that brought about by exercise, increases osteocalcin production [ 19 , 20 ], the rise in osteocalcin levels seen in both groups is consistent with this theory. It is possible that the slightly higher increase in the HIRT group was caused by the heavy mechanical load that resistance training puts on the bones, which may lead to a stronger osteogenic response.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Exercise-Induced Alterations in Irisin and Osteocalcin Levels: A Comparative Analysis Across Different Training Modalities

Adilakshmi,

Suganthi,

Balu Mahendran

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Background: Physical activity significantly influences physiological biomarkers, including irisin and osteocalcin, which are pivotal for metabolic and bone health. Understanding the differential impacts of various exercise modalities on these biomarkers is essential for optimizing health benefits. Objectives: The study aimed to compare the effects of endurance training and high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) on the levels of irisin and osteocalcin and determine which exercise modality more effectively influences these health-related biomarkers. Methods: The study was conducted at the Nimra Institute of Medical Sciences in Andhra Pradesh, India, where 100 healthy male participants aged between 21 and 35 were recruited. These participants, who were not regularly active and had no metabolic or bone diseases, were divided into two groups to undergo an eight-week training from March to April 2022. One group participated in endurance training involving running and cycling, while the other engaged in HIRT, both targeting a heart rate set at 75% of the maximum. Baseline and follow-up measurements of irisin and osteocalcin were taken before and after the training using blood samples collected after fasting. The study used paired t-tests to analyze changes in biomarker levels, and Pearson correlation coefficients to explore the relationship between the biomarkers, with results processed using statistical software and presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results: Post-intervention, both exercise groups showed significant increases in irisin and a modest increase in osteocalcin levels. The HIRT group exhibited a higher increase in irisin levels (+119.33 pg/mL, p<0.015) compared to the endurance group (+108.32 pg/mL, p<0.023). Similarly, osteocalcin levels increased modestly in both groups, with the HIRT group showing a higher mean difference (+0.75 pg/mL, p<0.001) than the endurance group (+0.70 pg/mL). The study also found a link between changes in irisin and osteocalcin levels. This link was stronger in the HIRT group (r = +0.22; p < 0.039) than in the endurance group (r = +0.20; p < 0.038). Conclusion: Both endurance and high-intensity resistance training are effective in enhancing metabolic and bone health, evidenced by increases in irisin and osteocalcin levels. Although the differences in mean values suggest that HIRT may have a marginal advantage in boosting these biomarkers, confirming the statistical significance of this difference is essential. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms behind these effects and to assess their long-term impacts on health and disease prevention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Exercise-Induced Alterations in Irisin and Osteocalcin Levels: A Comparative Analysis Across Different Training Modalities

Adilakshmi,

Suganthi,

Balu Mahendran

et al. 2024

Cureus

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“…Long-term appropriate forms of exercise and appropriate exercise intensity can promote the balance between bone formation and bone resorption, increase bone trabecular alignment and density, accelerate bone mineralization, enhance bone mass, and improve bone metabolism by regulating the signaling molecules secreted by osteoblasts and osteoclasts ( Fonseca et al, 2014 ; Mages et al, 2021 ; Benedetti et al, 2018 ). Several studies have found that exercise can affect the levels of MOTS-c and, similarly, that it regulates osteogenic differentiation and promotes bone formation ( Benedetti et al, 2018 ; Guo et al, 2020 ; Chang et al, 2022 ; Barry and Kohrt, 2008 ). However, the exact signal transduction mechanism by which exercise improves bone health through MOTS-c remains unknown and needs to be further investigated.…”

Section: Potential Pathways Of Exercise To Promote Bone Metabolism Th...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of MOTS-c in the regulation of bone metabolism

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Physiol.

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MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP), is an essential regulatory mediator of cell protection and energy metabolism and is involved in the development of specific diseases. Recent studies have revealed that MOTS-c promotes osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Furthermore, it inhibits osteoclast production and mediates the regulation of bone metabolism and bone remodeling. Exercise effectively upregulates the expression of MOTS-c, but the specific mechanism of MOTS-c regulation in bone by exercise remains unclear. Therefore, this article reviewed the distribution and function of MOTS-c in the tissue, discussed the latest research developments in the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and proposed potential molecular mechanisms for the effect of exercise on the regulation of bone metabolism. This review provides a theoretical reference for establishing methods to prevent and treat skeletal metabolic diseases.

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“…Once a patient is diagnosed with osteoporosis, the PCP plays a key role in managing the condition. They can initiate treatment with medications such as bisphosphonates, calcium, and vitamin D supplements and refer the patient for physical therapy and exercise programs to help maintain bone health 73,74 . In addition to medical treatment with calcium and vitamin D, PCPs can also recommend a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D. Furthermore, PCPs can advise lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and limiting alcohol intake.…”

Section: Team Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Team Approach: Bone Health Optimization in Orthopaedic Surgery

Pasqualini,

Huffman,

Keller

et al. 2023

JBJS Reviews

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» Bone health optimization (BHO) has become an increasingly important consideration in orthopaedic surgery because deterioration of bone tissue and low bone density are associated with poor outcomes after orthopaedic surgeries.» Management of patients with compromised bone health requires numerous healthcare professionals including orthopaedic surgeons, primary care physicians, nutritionists, and metabolic bone specialists in endocrinology, rheumatology, or obstetrics and gynecology. Therefore, achieving optimal bone health before orthopaedic surgery necessitates a collaborative and synchronized effort among healthcare professionals.» Patients with poor bone health are often asymptomatic and may present to the orthopaedic surgeon for reasons other than poor bone health. Therefore, it is imperative to recognize risk factors such as old age, female sex, and low body mass index, which predispose to decreased bone density.» Workup of suspected poor bone health entails bone density evaluation. For patients without dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan results within the past 2 years, perform DXA scan in all women aged 65 years and older, all men aged 70 years and older, and women younger than 65 years or men younger than 70 years with concurrent risk factors for poor bone health. All women and men presenting with a fracture secondary to low-energy trauma should receive DXA scan and bone health workup; for fractures secondary to high-energy trauma, perform DXA scan and further workup in women aged 65 years and older and men aged 70 years and older.» Failure to recognize and treat poor bone health can result in poor surgical outcomes including implant failure, periprosthetic infection, and nonunion after fracture fixation. However, collaborative healthcare teams can create personalized care plans involving nutritional supplements, antiresorptive or anabolic treatment, and weight-bearing exercise programs, resulting in BHO before surgery. Ultimately, this coordinated approach can enhance the success rate of surgical interventions, minimize complications, and improve patients' overall quality of life.

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Regulation of bone health through physical exercise: Mechanisms and types

Cited by 19 publications

References 128 publications

Exercise-Induced Alterations in Irisin and Osteocalcin Levels: A Comparative Analysis Across Different Training Modalities

Exercise-Induced Alterations in Irisin and Osteocalcin Levels: A Comparative Analysis Across Different Training Modalities

Role of MOTS-c in the regulation of bone metabolism

Team Approach: Bone Health Optimization in Orthopaedic Surgery

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