Regulation of aleurone development in cereal grains

Becraft, Philip W.; Yi, Gibum

doi:10.1093/jxb/erq372

Cited by 105 publications

(110 citation statements)

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“…These chromosomes were made heterozygous with the Ds1S4 chromosome breaker and leaves were examined for thk1 mutant sectors. In particular, we were interested in testing the hypothesis that the thk1 mutant might confer multiple leaf epidermal layers because many genes such as Extra Cell Layers (Xcl) similarly affect the aleurone and leaf epidermis (Kessler et al, 2002;Becraft and Yi, 2011). Ds1S4 leaves carrying the thk1 mutant allele showed prominent ridges that often caused the leaves to crease (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: The Thk1 Deletion Affects Leaf Epidermal Cell Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is clear that a thk1 deficiency in epidermal cells does not directly cause them to form a multilayered epidermis. Furthermore, because multiple genes are deficient due to the deletion, it is not possible to formally conclude that the gene(s) regulating leaf epidermal cells is the same as that regulating aleurone development, although this seems likely given the similar functions of other genes in aleurone and leaf epidermis (Kessler et al, 2002;Becraft and Yi, 2011).…”

Section: The Thk1 Gene Functions Locally In the Cellular Response To mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the aleurone controls seed dormancy (Bethke et al, 2007). Aleurone is also the major source of amylase enzymes needed for the malting process and is thought to be responsible for many of the dietary benefits of cereal bran (Becraft and Yi, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aleurone cell fate specification and differentiation has been recently reviewed (Becraft and Yi, 2011). Plants such as cereals that undergo nuclear-type endosperm development show distinct cellular behaviors in the peripheral cell layer compared to internal cells from the onset of cellularization (Brown et al, 1994(Brown et al, , 1996(Brown et al, , 1999.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Thethick aleurone1Mutant Defines a Negative Regulation of Maize Aleurone Cell Fate That Functions Downstream ofdefective kernel1

Lauter

Scott

et al. 2011

Plant Physiology

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The maize (Zea mays) aleurone layer occupies the single outermost layer of the endosperm. The defective kernel1 (dek1) gene is a central regulator required for aleurone cell fate specification. dek1 mutants have pleiotropic phenotypes including lack of aleurone cells, aborted embryos, carotenoid deficiency, and a soft, floury endosperm deficient in zeins. Here we describe the thick aleurone1 (thk1) mutant that defines a novel negative function in the regulation of aleurone differentiation. Mutants possess multiple layers of aleurone cells as well as aborted embryos. Clonal sectors of thk1 mutant tissue in otherwise normal endosperm showed localized expression of the phenotype with sharp boundaries, indicating a localized cellular function for the gene. Sectors in leaves showed expanded epidermal cell morphology but the mutant epidermis generally remained in a single cell layer. Double mutant analysis indicated that the thk1 mutant is epistatic to dek1 for several aspects of the pleiotropic dek1 phenotype. dek1 mutant endosperm that was mosaic for thk1 mutant sectors showed localized patches of multilayered aleurone. Localized sectors were surrounded by halos of carotenoid pigments and double mutant kernels had restored zein profiles. In sum, loss of thk1 function restored the ability of dek1 mutant endosperm to accumulate carotenoids and zeins and to differentiate aleurone. Therefore the thk1 mutation defines a negative regulator that functions downstream of dek1 in the signaling system that controls aleurone specification and other aspects of endosperm development. The thk1 mutation was found to be caused by a deletion of approximately 2 megabases.

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Section: The Thk1 Deletion Affects Leaf Epidermal Cell Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Thk1 Gene Functions Locally In the Cellular Response To mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Thethick aleurone1Mutant Defines a Negative Regulation of Maize Aleurone Cell Fate That Functions Downstream ofdefective kernel1

Lauter

Scott

et al. 2011

Plant Physiology

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“…In plants, PCD plays an important role in maintaining normal plant development including tracheary element cells, aleurone cells, root cap cells, and somatic embryogenesis. Programmed cell death also takes part in plant reproductive development including reproductive primordium abortion, style transmitting tissue, abortive pollen in male sterility lines, death of three of the megaspores in megaspore genesis, and degeneration of anther tapetum and nucellar cells (Greenberg, 1996;Pennell and Lamb, 1997;Becraft and Yi, 2011). Moreover, PCD may participate in plant-environment interactions, such as root cell death in the formation of aerenchyma in response to hypoxia, and leaf cell death in the hypersensitive response to pathogen attack (Greenberg, 1996(Greenberg, , 1997Pennel and Lamb, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmed cell death in wheat starchy endosperm during kernel development

Chen¹,

Zhang²,

Xie³

et al. 2012

Afr. J. Agric. Res.

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Wheat starchy endosperm is fated to die prior to seed maturation. To reveal the death process of wheat starchy endosperm, morphological variations of the nucleus, the breakage of nuclear DNA, the activities of enzymes related to starch synthesis and antioxidization, and grain weight were investigated. Results showed that wheat starchy endosperm death consisted of two main steps: Nucleus degeneration and subsequent denucleated cell development. Nucleus degeneration showed deformation, chromatin condensation, nuclear envelope disruption, and nuclear residue formation from the degenerative nucleus, which were typical features of programmed cell death (PCD), along with starchy endosperm development. Evans blue staining indicated that starchy endosperm cell death occurred asynchronously among the starchy endosperm cells with initiation points randomly distributed in the endosperm tissue. Enzymes related to starch synthesis and anti-oxidization showed high activities and grain weight increased during nucleus degeneration and denucleated cell development stages. These results suggested that the death of wheat starchy endosperm is a special form of PCD.

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Endosperm Development

Tonosaki

Kinoshita

2018

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Endosperm is a tissue in the seeds of many plants and supports embryonic and seedling growth by providing nutrients stored in its cells. As the stored products, starches, proteins and oils are valuable to humans for nutrition and as industrial materials, endosperm development has been well documented, particularly in cereal plants such as maize, barley and rice. Molecular genetics and genomics analyses have also been widely applied to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . Although the structures and amounts of endosperm within mature seeds vary considerably among plant species, most of the developmental events, such as genetic and epigenetic controls, are conserved. Key Concepts The programme of endosperm development varies among plant species. In most angiosperm species, seeds have three genetically distinct tissues: maternal diploid seed coat, fertilised diploid embryo and triploid endosperm. Endosperm consists of differentiated tissues that have distinct roles. Roles of parental genomes in the endosperm (2 maternal and 1 paternal) are not equivalent owing to asymmetric epigenetic modifications, similar to those in the mammalian placenta. Hybridisation barrier can be seen in the endosperm.

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Regulation of aleurone development in cereal grains

Cited by 105 publications

References 50 publications

Thethick aleurone1Mutant Defines a Negative Regulation of Maize Aleurone Cell Fate That Functions Downstream ofdefective kernel1

Thethick aleurone1Mutant Defines a Negative Regulation of Maize Aleurone Cell Fate That Functions Downstream ofdefective kernel1

Programmed cell death in wheat starchy endosperm during kernel development

Endosperm Development

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