“…However, Agrawal and Chadha (2002) and Mohanram and Sunder (2001) find increases in both, and Irani and Karamanou (2002) find increases in dispersion. On measures of the information gap, like return volatility around earnings announcement, Heflin, et al (2003), Shane, et al (2001), andEleswarapu, et al (2002) find decreases, but Bailey et al (2003) find no increase after controlling for important factors. Similarly, with respect to the level of information asymmetry reflected in trading costs, Eleswarapu, et al (2002) find that it decreases, consistent with SEC goals to level the playing field, but Straser (2002) The paper proceeds as follows.…”