Regulating trained immunity with nanomedicine

Abstract

Trained immunity refers to a hyperresponsive functional state of the innate immune system, which is induced by certain stimuli, such as infections or vaccination. Trained immunity plays a key part in a variety of diseases, including cancer and inflammation, and is regulated through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the bone marrow, giving rise to hyperactive myeloid cells. Nanomaterials inherently interact with phagocytic myeloid cells and are thus ideal platforms with which to regulate trained immunity. In this Review, we discuss the key pathways of trained immunity and investigate nanomedicine strategies to therapeutically regulate trained immunity. Nanomedicine can be applied not only to induce trained immunity to treat cancer or to enhance resistance to infections, but also to manage hyperinflammation and maladaptive trained immunity in a variety of clinical scenarios. We conclude with an outlook to future possibilities and some remaining challenges for nanomedicine approaches in trained immunity regulation.

New opportunities for immunomodulation of the tumour microenvironment using chemical tools

“…106 This area, including the structures that can induce trained immunity and related nano-medicine, has been extensively reviewed. 105,107 Several groups have also reported on the application of trained immunity in tumour treatment. Mitroulis and Chavakis et al used b-glucan to induce trained immunity involving the reprogramming of granulopoiesis as well as promoting the anti-tumour function of neutrophils.…”

Where Is Nano Today and Where Is It Headed? A Review of Nanomedicine and the Dilemma of Nanotoxicology

“…The activation of the immune system is the most frequent reaction after the administration of nanomaterials, which is tightly dependent on the above-mentioned physicochemical properties . The complexity of the immune system interactions with nanomaterials is still under investigation . The following section addresses some of these issues from a toxicokinetic-based perspective.…”

“…58 The complexity of the immune system interactions with nanomaterials is still under investigation. 59 The following section addresses some of these issues from a toxicokinetic-based perspective.…”

Trained innate immunity and transgenerational effects in chickens : A conceptual approach of non-genetic inheritability

“…This metabolic shift results in increased lactate production [85,88,89]. Studies in human and mice demonstrated that adaptations in cellular metabolism are key to trained innate immunity, whereby both IL-1β and HIF-1α play a pivotal role [84,85,90]. Tissues suffering from an injury are becoming hypoxic tissues (low oxygen level) and are potentially a site of pathogenic infiltration [91].…”

“…The interest in the research fields of epigenetics, trained immunity and transgenerational effects is, exponentially increasing. Especially in human, research focusses on how trained immunity can be used and how it could provide a novel view on health and disease [8,[88][89][90]. For future research within the avian immunology field, the poultry animal husbandry sector and veterinary vaccine development it is required to identify and understand the current knowledge gaps and potentials of trained innate immunity and transgenerational non-genetic inheritance.…”