“…This phenomenon often creates some net vorticity in the fluid flow that can draw the particles towards the junction or can be used for fluid mixing and creating an electroosmotic pump. 6,7 Both DEP and ACEO phenomena have been used for creating potentiodynamic nanoparticle traps and are widely used in lab-on-chip systems for the precise measurement, 8,9 separation, [10][11][12] sorting, 13,14 and manipulation [15][16][17] of suspended particles in liquid media. Because of electrical control and the possibility of system integration, potentiodynamic manipulation techniques also enable accurate single-cell manipulation, contributing to advancements in biomedical diagnostics [18][19][20] and therapy 21,22 and featuring promising prospects for the development of a point-of-care tool in the future.…”