“…The TE conversion efficiency is quantified by the dimensionless figure of merit zT = PF T κ –1 = S 2 σ T κ –1 (PF, power factor; T , absolute temperature; S , Seebeck coefficient; σ, electrical conductivity; and κ, thermal conductivity). In the range of ambient to mid-temperature (300–800 K), several compounds were reported with zT values above unity and beyond, such as Bi 2 Te 3 , , PbTe, , GeTe, , and the Mg 3 Sb 2 -based compounds, , which have been extensively studied recently, leading to a theoretical conversion efficiency of 7–14%. However, most of those materials contain expensive and/or toxic elements, which limit or even prevent their large applications.…”