Regulating OP pesticide residues for farmworker protection

Popendorf, William; Leffingwell, John T.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5709-7_3

Cited by 72 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Contamination of each part of the body was obtained multiplying the concentrations on each pad (C i , mg/cm 2 ) by the areas of the respective parts (S i , cm 2 ), calculated from the percentages of total body surface area shown in Table 2 (Davis, 1980;Popendorf and Leffingwell, 1982). Total body surface area was obtained for each worker using the formula of Du Bois and Du Bois (1916).…”

Section: Calculation Of Exposure Dosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of inhaled and cutaneous doses of imidacloprid during stapling ornamental plants in tunnels or greenhouses

Aprea¹,

Lunghini²,

Banchi³

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The aim of this research was to assess dermal and respiratory exposure of workers to imidacloprid during manual operations with ornamental plants previously treated in greenhouses or tunnels. A total of 10 female workers, 5 in greenhouses and 5 in tunnels, were monitored for 3 or 5 consecutive days. Actual skin contamination, excluding hands, was evaluated using nine filter paper pads placed directly on the skin. To evaluate the efficacy of protective clothing in reducing occupational exposure we also placed four pads on top of the outer clothing. Hand contamination was evaluated by washing with 95% ethanol. Respiratory exposure was evaluated by personal air sampling. Respiratory dose was calculated on the basis of a lung ventilation of 15 l/min. Absorbed doses were calculated assuming a skin penetration of 10% and a respiratory retention of 100%. Dislodgeable foliar residues (DFRs) were determined during the days of re-entry in order to determine the dermal transfer factor. From the dependence of dermal exposure of hands from DFRs, a mean transfer factor was estimated to be 36.4 cm 2 /h. Imidacloprid was determined by liquid chromatography with selective mass detection and electrospray interface in all matrices analysed. Respiratory dose was 4.1 ± 4.0 (0.1-14.3)% and 3.0 ± 2.0 (0.6-6.9)% (mean ± SD (range)) of the total real dose during work in tunnels and greenhouses, respectively. The estimated absorbed doses, 0.29 ± 0.45 mg/kg (0.06-2.25 mg/kg) body weight and 0.32±0.18 mg/kg (0.07-0.66 mg/kg) body weight (mean±SD (range)) in tunnels and in greenhouses, respectively, were less than the acceptable operator exposure level of 0.15 mg/kg body weight and than the acceptable daily intake of 0.05 mg/kg body weight. The hands and exposed skin of all workers were found to be contaminated, indicating that greater precautions, such as daily changing of gloves and clothing, are necessary to reduce skin exposure.

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Section: Calculation Of Exposure Dosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of inhaled and cutaneous doses of imidacloprid during stapling ornamental plants in tunnels or greenhouses

Aprea¹,

Lunghini²,

Banchi³

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…The notion of an inhomogeneous distribution of contaminants across the body was recognized long before it was actually visualized properly (34). To overcome this problem, it became general practice to divide the body into a number of specific body locations to meet the assumption of a homogeneous exposure distribution within the defined body locations (35,36). Although, there is no limit to the number of body locations that one could define, for practical reasons, the body is often divided into nine (35) or ten (36) distinctive regions, namely, the head, trunk (chest and back), upper arms, forearms, hands, legs, thighs, lower legs, and feet.…”

Section: Surface Area Exposedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To overcome this problem, it became general practice to divide the body into a number of specific body locations to meet the assumption of a homogeneous exposure distribution within the defined body locations (35,36). Although, there is no limit to the number of body locations that one could define, for practical reasons, the body is often divided into nine (35) or ten (36) distinctive regions, namely, the head, trunk (chest and back), upper arms, forearms, hands, legs, thighs, lower legs, and feet. It is assumed that each location is homogeneously exposed and that the area exposed is equivalent to the skin surface area of that particular location.…”

Section: Surface Area Exposedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These individual differences are seldom taken into consideration, except in a study by vanRooij et al (43). In this study each body location was assigned a fixed percentage, based on the area distribution of the body surface of a "standard man" (36), of the person's total body surface area estimated on the basis of the subject's weight and height (44). Although this approach may seem unnecessarily precise, inclusion of subject-specific estimates for the total body surface area of a person may, in some circumstances, be important because it has been estimated that up to a threefold difference in surface area can be found among adult men (45).…”

Section: Surface Area Exposedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermal exposure assessment in occupational epidemiologic research

Vermeulen¹,

Stewart²,

Kromhout³

2002

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…An estimation of the contamination of workers' skin can be performed using anatomical models [19] and/or mathematical formulas [20].…”

Section: Interception Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano-Scaled Particles and Fibres Occupational Exposure Assessment: An Integrated Approach from Air Sampling to Skin and Surface Contamination

Prodi¹,

Filon²

2016

Nano BioMed ENG

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Workers may be exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) by inhalation, cutaneous contact and gastroenteric pathways, but today there is no standardized method for either assessing or monitoring the occupational exposure. Moreover, there is no all-in-one assessment strategy, so it is preferable to consider different perspectives. Every assessment should be preceded by a preliminary analysis of the workplace in order to gather useful data on the potential exposure sources, which will help in outlining the assessment strategy. The purpose of air monitoring should be to characterize NP emissions and assess, as a minimum, the mass, particle number concentration, granulometric distribution, specific surface and chemical composition. There are several techniques which may assess these characteristics: the most used in real occupational contexts are mobility particle sizers, particle counters (optical, condensation, etc.), surface area monitors, while personal samplers are promising tools which still have been used almost only in research or controlled contexts. Skin and surfaces may be sampled according to the nature of substances and the circumstances of exposure. Sampling methods can be divided in three main categories: interception (e.g. carbon tabs), removal (e.g. adhesive tape stripping, wiping), in situ methods (e.g. UV fluorescence). Chemical analysis methods (e.g. spectroscopy) and electron microscopy techniques may enhance available data. Considering the available information, we suggest a stepwise approach for risk assessment composed of three steps, starting from a quick and relatively cheap screening method to assess exposure, followed by 2 gradually more accurate but costly approaches to perform whether a significant exposure is detected.

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Regulating OP pesticide residues for farmworker protection

Cited by 72 publications

References 86 publications

Evaluation of inhaled and cutaneous doses of imidacloprid during stapling ornamental plants in tunnels or greenhouses

Evaluation of inhaled and cutaneous doses of imidacloprid during stapling ornamental plants in tunnels or greenhouses

Dermal exposure assessment in occupational epidemiologic research

Nano-Scaled Particles and Fibres Occupational Exposure Assessment: An Integrated Approach from Air Sampling to Skin and Surface Contamination

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