Regular patchy distribution of cytochrome oxidase staining in primary visual cortex of macaque monkey

Horton, Jonathan C.; Hubel, David H.

doi:10.1038/292762a0

Cited by 489 publications

(294 citation statements)

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“…smaller distances of CO blobs as reported for macaques (350 -550 m) and humans (0.75-1 mm) (Horton and Hubel, 1981;Horton and Hedley-Whyte, 1984). With respect to the smaller brain size of marmosets and variability of the functional anatomy of the visual areas in primates (Adams and Horton, 2009) these differences appear consistent and are further corroborated by the similar size of the center-to-center distance of color patches and the blob density in marmosets of 3.9 -5.5 blobs/mm 2 reported by Solomon (2002).…”

Section: Co Pattern and Color Patchessupporting

confidence: 50%

“…Anatomical investigations in macaques and owl monkeys showed that cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs (Wong-Riley, 1979;Horton and Hubel, 1981) receive inputs from the KC layers of the LGN (Hendry and Yoshioka, 1994;Casagrande, 1997, 1998). Reports on PC and MC inputs to V1 are contradictory, but some find preferences for PC projections to blobs and MC projections to interblobs (via layer 4C␣) (Sincich and Horton, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Color Blobs in Cortical Areas V1 and V2 of the New World Monkey Callithrix jacchus, Revealed by Non-Differential Optical Imaging

Salzmann¹,

Bartels²,

Logothetis³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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Color vision is reserved to only few mammals, such as Old World monkeys and humans. Most Old World monkeys are trichromats. Among them, macaques were shown to exhibit functional domains of color-selectivity, in areas V1 and V2 of the visual cortex. Such color domains have not yet been shown in New World monkeys. In marmosets a sex-linked dichotomy results in dichromatic and trichromatic genotypes, rendering most male marmosets color-blind. Here we used trichromatic female marmosets to examine the intrinsic signal response in V1 and V2 to chromatic and achromatic stimuli, using optical imaging. To activate the subsystems individually, we used spatially homogeneous isoluminant color opponent (red/green, blue/yellow) and hue versus achromatic flicker (red/gray, green/gray, blue/gray, yellow/gray), as well as achromatic luminance flicker. In contrast to previous optical imaging studies in marmosets, we find clearly segregated color domains, similar to those seen in macaques. Red/green and red/gray flicker were found to be the appropriate stimulus for revealing color domains in single-condition maps. Blue/gray and blue/yellow flicker stimuli resulted in faint patch-patterns. A recently described multimodal vessel mapping approach allowed for an accurate alignment of the functional and anatomical datasets. Color domains were tightly colocalized with cytochrome oxidase blobs in V1 and with thin stripes in V2. Thus, our findings are in accord with 2-Deoxy-D-glucose studies performed in V1 of macaques and studies on color representation in V2. Our results suggest a similar organization of early cortical color processing in trichromats of both Old World and New World monkeys.

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Section: Co Pattern and Color Patchessupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color Blobs in Cortical Areas V1 and V2 of the New World Monkey Callithrix jacchus, Revealed by Non-Differential Optical Imaging

Salzmann¹,

Bartels²,

Logothetis³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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“…The receptive field properties of neurons in the blobs is still an area of active research, but Livingstone and Hubel (8) demonstrated that unoriented, chromatically tuned receptive fields are a characteristic feature of neurons located within the blobs. Through careful alignment of anatomical data, Horton and Hubel (5,6) found that CO blobs generally lie at the centers of ocular dominance columns and have an average period, in macaque, of Ϸ350 m in the direction parallel to local ocular dominance column boundaries, and 550 m perpendicular, demonstrating an interrelationship between these two anatomical systems that inspired the incorporation of the blob system into a revised hypercolumn model (6,8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Horton and Hubel (5,6) showed that an additional periodic anatomical feature of primate visual cortex, the cytochrome oxidase (CO) blob system, consists of patches of cortical tissue most prominently appearing in layers II͞III but also appearing in layers I, IVb, V, and VI, with a size of Ϸ150 ϫ 250 m in primary visual cortex (V1) of macaque, and exhibiting higherthan-average metabolic activity, hence, staining darkly for CO activity. They observed the CO blob density to be approximately five per mm 2 , although Horton and Hocking (7) showed variation of a factor of two across subjects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical limits to spatial resolution of optical recording: Clarifying the spatial structure of cortical hypercolumns

Polimeni

Granquist-Fraser

Wood

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Neurons in macaque primary visual cortex are spatially arranged by their global topographic position and in at least three overlapping local modular systems: ocular dominance columns, orientation pinwheels, and cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs. Individual neurons in the blobs are not tuned to orientation, and populations of neurons in the pinwheel center regions show weak orientation tuning, suggesting a close relation between pinwheel centers and CO blobs. However, this hypothesis has been challenged by a series of optical recording experiments. In this report, we show that the statistical error associated with photon scatter and absorption in brain tissue combined with the blurring introduced by the optics of the imaging system has typically been in the range of 250 m. These physical limitations cause a systematic error in the location of pinwheel centers because of the vectorial nature of these patterns, such that the apparent location of a pinwheel center measured by optical recording is never (on average) in the correct in vivo location. The systematic positional offset is Ϸ116 m, which is large enough to account for the claimed misalignment of CO blobs and pinwheel centers. Thus, optical recording, as it has been used to date, has insufficient spatial resolution to accurately locate pinwheel centers. The earlier hypothesis that CO blobs and pinwheel centers are coterminous remains the only hypothesis currently supported by reliable observation.hypercolumn model ͉ orientation maps ͉ visual cortex ͉ cytochrome oxidase blobs T he columnar organization of the neocortex is one of the seminal discoveries in neurobiology (1, 2). Neurons in vertical register within the cortex tend to have similar response properties, such as selectivity for oriented visual stimuli and ocular dominance (2). Perhaps even more important, however, was the discovery that columns were themselves organized into larger structures, termed hypercolumns, comprised of the full 180°range of orientation tuning for both eyes on the scale of Ϸ1 mm (3, 4). This idea has proven vital because it suggested a basic uniformity of cortical structure and a principle around which it might be organized. Because hypercolumn structure is critical to theories of both cortical function and its development, clarifying its details has been a central goal of neuroscience.Horton and Hubel (5, 6) showed that an additional periodic anatomical feature of primate visual cortex, the cytochrome oxidase (CO) blob system, consists of patches of cortical tissue most prominently appearing in layers II͞III but also appearing in layers I, IVb, V, and VI, with a size of Ϸ150 ϫ 250 m in primary visual cortex (V1) of macaque, and exhibiting higherthan-average metabolic activity, hence, staining darkly for CO activity. They observed the CO blob density to be approximately five per mm 2 , although Horton and Hocking (7) showed variation of a factor of two across subjects. The receptive field properties of neurons in the blobs is still an area of active research, but Livingstone and H...

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“…In V1, layers 2 and 3 are composed of CO-dense patches (blobs) and regions surrounding them (interblobs) (2)(3)(4). V2 is composed of alternating thin and thick CO-dense stripes and the pale interstripe regions between them (5,6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Projections from primary visual cortex to cytochrome oxidase thin stripes and interstripes of macaque visual area 2

Xiao

Felleman

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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It has been controversial whether the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-dense blobs in primate primary visual cortex (V1) and CO-dense thin stripes in visual area 2 (V2) are parts of a cortical colorprocessing stream that is segregated from other functional streams. One of the key pieces of evidence for the segregated color stream is the previous report of specific connections between blobs and thin stripes, which is parallel to the connections between interblobs and interstripes. To study the degree of the segregation between the proposed different streams, in the current study, anatomical tracers were injected into different V2 compartments with the functional guidance of optical imaging. The spatial relationship between each labeled cell and the CO blobs in V1 were analyzed quantitatively. After tracer injections in the color-preferring modules in CO thin stripes, equal amounts of labeled cells were found in the blobs and interblobs. However, the density of the labeled cells was more than twice as high in the blobs as that in the interblobs, and most of the clusters of labeled cells partially overlapped with the blobs. Tracer injections in the interstripes labeled cells predominantly in the interblobs. Our results suggest that both the blobs and interblobs project to the thin stripes and call into question the proposition that different CO compartments in V1 and V2 are connected in parallel to form highly segregated functional streams.T he primate primary visual cortex (V1) and second visual area (V2) comprise regions of various cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity, which may subserve different functions (1). In V1, layers 2 and 3 are composed of CO-dense patches (blobs) and regions surrounding them (interblobs) (2-4). V2 is composed of alternating thin and thick CO-dense stripes and the pale interstripe regions between them (5, 6). Early studies have shown that most cells in the blobs and thin stripes were unoriented and selective for color, whereas most cells elsewhere were oriented and not selective for color (7,8). Anatomically, thin stripes and interstripes receive V1 projections from blobs and interblobs in layers 2 and 3, respectively, whereas thick stripes received projections from layer 4B (8-10). Intrinsic horizontal connections in supragranular layers of V1 preferentially connect blob with blob, or interblob with interblob (11). Based on these findings, it has been proposed that color is processed in the blob-thin-stripe stream that is segregated from other functional streams (1, 9).However, several subsequent studies have contradicted the one-to-one relationship between color processing and the stream originating in the blobs. In V1, Leventhal et al. (12) did not find differences in color and orientation selectivity between blob and interblob cells. Similarly, Lennie et al. (13) found no difference in chromatic selectivity between blob and interblob cells. Ts'o and Gilbert (14) reported cells near blob borders that were selective to both orientation and color. Using both optical and electrical recording, Land...

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Regular patchy distribution of cytochrome oxidase staining in primary visual cortex of macaque monkey

Cited by 489 publications

References 8 publications

Color Blobs in Cortical Areas V1 and V2 of the New World Monkey Callithrix jacchus, Revealed by Non-Differential Optical Imaging

Color Blobs in Cortical Areas V1 and V2 of the New World Monkey Callithrix jacchus, Revealed by Non-Differential Optical Imaging

Physical limits to spatial resolution of optical recording: Clarifying the spatial structure of cortical hypercolumns

Projections from primary visual cortex to cytochrome oxidase thin stripes and interstripes of macaque visual area 2

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