Regioselective Fluorohydrin Synthesis from Allylsilanes and Evidence for a Silicon–Fluorine Gauche Effect

Abstract

Allylsilanes can be regioselectively transformed into the corresponding 3-silylfluorohydrin in good yield using a sequence of epoxidation followed by treatment with HF•Et 3 N with or without isolation of the intermediate epoxide. Various siliconsubstitutions are tolerated, resulting in a range of 2-fluoro-3-silylpropan-1-ol products from this method. Whereas other fluorohydrin syntheses by epoxide opening using HF•Et 3 N generally require more forcing conditions (e.g., higher reaction temperature), opening of allylsilane-derived epoxides with this reagent occurs at room temperature. We attribute this rate acceleration along with the observed regioselectivity to a β-silyl effect that stabilizes a proposed cationic intermediate. The use of enantioenriched epoxides indicates that both S N 1-and S N 2-type mechanisms may be operable depending on substitution at silicon. Conformational analysis by NMR and theory along with a crystal structure obtained by X-ray diffraction points to a preference for silicon and fluorine to be proximal to one another in the products, perhaps favored due to electrostatic interactions.