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The Oryol Oblast (Russia) is characterized by years with intensive droughts and dry winds in June and July, i.e., during vegetation and fruiting of fruit and berry crops. These periods make up about 20-55 %. We set out to evaluate the drought tolerance of apple-tree varieties based on their leaf water content indicators under the conditions of the Oryol Oblast. The research objects were the following apple varieties: ‘Ligol’ (Polish selection), ‘Honey Crisp’ (American selection), ‘Rozhdestvenskoe’, ‘Pamyat Semakina’, ‘Minister Kiselev’, ‘Orlovskoe Polesie’, ‘Vyatich’,‘Orlovsky Partizan’, and ‘Zdorovye’ (VNIISPK selection) on a medium-grown rootstock 54-118. The experiment was laid out in the fall of 2016; the planting scheme was 5 x 2.5 m. The drought tolerance of the apple varieties was studied by the method of artificial dehydration in 2-fold repetition (5 leaves in each repetition). Leaves were dried in an Espec PSL- 2KPH environmental test chamber in metal vessels at a temperature of 105 °C to constant weight. Water loss by apple leaves was determined at the time of completion of the dehydration process (following 4 h). To determine the ability of leaves to restore their water content, leaves were weighed and spread out for wilting. After 4 h, the leaves were weighed and left to saturate with water for 12 h. Over two years of research during the vegetation period under the specified conditions, an average level of leaf tissue water content was observed in all the studied varieties. The highest index of water deficit under the field conditions in August 2019-2020 was observed in ‘Orlovsky Partizan’ (12.3 and 10 %). On average, during the research period after drought simulation, apple-tree varieties were characterized by an average level of water deficit. Its lowest level (on average for the vegetation period, i.e., June, July, and August) was noted in ‘Rozhdestvenskoe’ (29.5 %) and ‘Vyatich’ (27.4 %) varieties. A high ability to restore the water content of leaf tissues after drought and subsequent saturation of their water under laboratory conditions was noted in ‘Rozhdestvenskoe’ (128.5 %) and ‘Orlovsky Partizan’ (127.7 %) varieties. Our studies showed that apple varieties on medium-grown rootstock 54-118 under the conditions of the Oryol Oblast have an average index of drought tolerance.
The Oryol Oblast (Russia) is characterized by years with intensive droughts and dry winds in June and July, i.e., during vegetation and fruiting of fruit and berry crops. These periods make up about 20-55 %. We set out to evaluate the drought tolerance of apple-tree varieties based on their leaf water content indicators under the conditions of the Oryol Oblast. The research objects were the following apple varieties: ‘Ligol’ (Polish selection), ‘Honey Crisp’ (American selection), ‘Rozhdestvenskoe’, ‘Pamyat Semakina’, ‘Minister Kiselev’, ‘Orlovskoe Polesie’, ‘Vyatich’,‘Orlovsky Partizan’, and ‘Zdorovye’ (VNIISPK selection) on a medium-grown rootstock 54-118. The experiment was laid out in the fall of 2016; the planting scheme was 5 x 2.5 m. The drought tolerance of the apple varieties was studied by the method of artificial dehydration in 2-fold repetition (5 leaves in each repetition). Leaves were dried in an Espec PSL- 2KPH environmental test chamber in metal vessels at a temperature of 105 °C to constant weight. Water loss by apple leaves was determined at the time of completion of the dehydration process (following 4 h). To determine the ability of leaves to restore their water content, leaves were weighed and spread out for wilting. After 4 h, the leaves were weighed and left to saturate with water for 12 h. Over two years of research during the vegetation period under the specified conditions, an average level of leaf tissue water content was observed in all the studied varieties. The highest index of water deficit under the field conditions in August 2019-2020 was observed in ‘Orlovsky Partizan’ (12.3 and 10 %). On average, during the research period after drought simulation, apple-tree varieties were characterized by an average level of water deficit. Its lowest level (on average for the vegetation period, i.e., June, July, and August) was noted in ‘Rozhdestvenskoe’ (29.5 %) and ‘Vyatich’ (27.4 %) varieties. A high ability to restore the water content of leaf tissues after drought and subsequent saturation of their water under laboratory conditions was noted in ‘Rozhdestvenskoe’ (128.5 %) and ‘Orlovsky Partizan’ (127.7 %) varieties. Our studies showed that apple varieties on medium-grown rootstock 54-118 under the conditions of the Oryol Oblast have an average index of drought tolerance.
In the Russian Federation, 506 varieties of apple trees are approved for use (10 included in 2023) with different periods of consumer ripeness of the fruit. The activities of breeding institutions have made it possible to improve the assortment of apple trees, while it is necessary to obtain new varieties of apple trees with a complex of adaptive traits and commercial and consumer qualities of fruits that ensure stable fruiting, productivity in unstable climatic conditions, as well as a long period of post-harvest storage of fruits; and, accordingly, determining the profitability of using these varieties in production plantings. In accordance with the increasing requirements for varieties, new breeding achievements must surpass previous analogues in a set of valuable breeding traits, which confirms the need to improve breeding programs. The key areas of apple tree selection are increasing winter hardiness, drought resistance, disease resistance, improving the biochemical composition and shelf life of the fruit, and columnar crown shape. Intensification of the selection process is necessary to reduce the time to obtain a new variety and its production development; in connection with this, marker-mediated selection is a promising direction for accelerating the selection process. The review article presents data on the work of scientific institutions where apple tree selection is carried out. The results of many years of work by leading research organizations of the Russian Federation in the field of apple breeding are covered. Data on scientific institutions, depending on their territorial location, are sorted by regions of admission of the State Register of Selection Achievements approved for use. The results of many years of work of leading research organizations, the main directions of apple breeding are covered, data on the use of modern methods for studying breeding material in research institutions are provided, and approaches to the early selection of economically valuable genotypes are presented. The analytical review is supplemented with information on ways to expand the genetic variability of hybrid offspring. The creation of varieties with a high level of adaptability, commercial and consumer characteristics of fruits will contribute to the further improvement of the apple tree assortment in the Russian Federation.
New apple varieties should possess a set of adaptive traits that provide yield, stable fruiting, and highly marketable fruits with a long period of postharvest storage, thus ensuring the profitability of their use in industrial plantings. According to the State Register, the central region of the Russian Federation is one of the leading regions in terms of the number of apple varieties approved for use. Long-term research of scientists and specialists from FSBSO ARHCBAN has greatly contributed to the development and improvement of the assortment both in the region and beyond. The key directions for apple breeding at the institution include improving winter hardiness, resistance to scab, and the columnar shape of the crown. The review article presents the history of shaping the directions for breeding work and modern achievements of FSBSO ARHCBAN in apple breeding, as well as an analysis of the long-term focused scientific activity of breeders. The most significant breeding results were achieved by Prof. V. Kichina, who, together with his students and followers, was the first in Russia to create several columnar apple varieties that offer high winter hardiness, resistance to scab, and marketable qualities of fruits (‘Dialog’, ‘Lukomor’, ‘Malyukha’, ‘Ostankino’, ‘President’, and ‘Chervonets’), as well as fundamentally new high-yielding varieties with a conventional crown shape that possess high adaptability and resistance to pathogens (‘Arkadik’, ‘Legendа’, ‘Marat Busurin’, and ‘Mayak Zagorye’). The article presents the main characteristics of breeding achievements of the last decades: tree crown shape; ripening time of fruits and their qualitative and quantitative indicators (tasting evaluation, average weight, shape, etc.); yield; resistance to abiotic and biotic factors. Data are presented on the use of apple varieties bred by FSBSO ARHCBAN both in agricultural production (on the basis of license agreements) and in scientific and technological cooperation with Russian National Research Universities (inclusion in breeding programs). The apple breeding activities conducted at FSBSO ARHCBAN are described, and the main directions for breeding work are outlined.
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