Regional variations in glia and neuropil within the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus

Houten, Mark Van; Brawer, James R.

doi:10.1002/cne.901790403

Cited by 23 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…According to this view, there may be a continuous turnover of synaptic elements in the intact mature brain. This proposal receives some support from observations of altered, and possibly regenerating, axon terminals in normal animal brains (Clemente 1964; Hashimoto and Palay 1965; Sotelo and Palay 1971; Van Houten and Drawer 1978; Jones 1982). Spontaneously degenerating dopaminergic nerve fibers were found in neostriatal brain regions of control rats that had only received subcutaneous saline injections (Lorez 1981).…”

Section: Brief Orientation To Neural Plasticity Researchmentioning

confidence: 72%

Neural Plasticity in Schizophrenia

Haracz

1985

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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No current biological hypothesis can assimilate the genetic, environmental, and clinical features of schizophrenia. If, as some authors contend, environmental factors have important effects on the course of schizophrenia, then a fruitful research concern may be the adaptation of neuronal circuitry to environmental changes. The plasticity of neuronal connections has been studied by subjecting animals to neurosurgical lesions, brain electro-stimulation, and a variety of rearing environments. The present article approaches the schizophrenia research literature from a theoretical perspective which takes into account the plasticity of neuronal connections. In a speculative manner, it demonstrates how neural plasticity concepts can be invoked to explain the following seemingly disparate features of schizophrenia: the pharmacological support for the dopamine hypothesis, the delayed onset and offset of neuroleptic antipsychotic action, genetic and environmental influences in schizophrenia, the regional alterations in brain structure and function seen in chronic schizophrenic patients, and the various types of behavioral symptoms exhibited by schizophrenic patients. In view of the explanatory potential of neural plasticity concepts, a research program that focuses on these concepts seems warranted.

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Section: Brief Orientation To Neural Plasticity Researchmentioning

confidence: 72%

Neural Plasticity in Schizophrenia

Haracz

1985

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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“…have been indicated by morphological and physiological methods. Regional variations in glia and neuropil within the nucleus have been shown (Van Houten & Brawer, 1978). The ventrolateral portion of the 218 OESTROGEN-SENSITI VE NEURONES nucleus concentrates more oestradiol than the dorsomedial portion (Pfaff & Keiner, 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projections of oestrogen‐sensitive neurones from the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus of the female rat.

Akaishi¹,

Sakuma²

1986

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Stimulation of the mesencephalic central grey matter caused antidromic activation of 199 neurones in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of forty-six urethane-anaesthetized female rats, of which twenty-two (ten ovariectomized and twelve ovariectomized and oestrogen treated) had the lateral projection of the nucleus disrupted by a small parasagittal knife-cut. The remaining twenty-four rats (ten ovariectomized and fourteen ovariectomized and oestrogen treated) had a cut in the frontal plane to interrupt caudal projection of the nucleus.2. In eight animals with the lateral knife-cut, eighteen cells were antidromically activated from the central grey matter as well as from the dorsal longitudinal fascicle. Collision between the potentials activated from these two sites revealed that seventeen of them descended to the central grey matter by way of the periventricular system, one cell having a bifurcated axon to these sites. Likewise, eleven cells in another group of eight animals with the posterior cut were found to project to the central grey matter via the perifornical region.3. Pre-treatment with oestrogen significantly lowered the activation thresholds and absolute refractory periods of neurones antidromically stimulated from the central grey in ovariectomized animals bearing posterior but not lateral knife-cuts.4. These results suggest that the ventromedial hypothalamic neurones responsible for oestrogen-dependent autonomic and behavioural functions project to the central grey via a lateral rather than a posterior pathway.

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“…We do not know any obvious reason why these sheaths are more elaborate in tree shrew retinae than in other mammals studied. In brain, multilamellar sheaths are formed by astrocytes in cases of extensive neuronal activity (Giildner, 1976;Van Houten and Brawer, 1978). Another unusual finding was the extensively interdigitating lateral fins of cone inner segments that were previously described in tree shrew retina (Dieterich, 1969;Foelix et al, 1987) and in gray squirrel retina (note in Pedler and Tansley, 1963).…”

Section: U1 Trastructurementioning

confidence: 91%

Müller glial cells of the tree shrew retina

Reichenbach

Frömter

Engelmann

et al. 1995

J of Comparative Neurology

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The tree shrew is one of the few mammalian species whose retinae are strongly cone dominated, which is usually the case in reptilian and avian retinae. Müller cells of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) retina were studied by transmission electron microscopy of tissue sections and freeze-fracture replicas, by immunolabeling of the intermediate filament protein vimentin in radial paraffin sections and in whole retinae, as well as by intracellular dye injection in slices of retinae. In addition, enzymatically isolated cells were stained by Pappenheim's panoptic staining method. The cells showed an ultrastructure that is similar to other mammalian Müller cells with two exceptions: Due to the extensive lateral fins of cone inner segments, the apical microvilli of Müller cells are arranged in peculiar palisades, and the basket-like Müller cell sheaths around neuronal somata in both nuclear layers consist of unusual multilayered membrane lamellae. Unlike Müller cells in other mammalian species studied thus far, but similar to reptilian and avian Müller cells, those of tree shrews commonly have two or more vitread processes rather than one main trunk. Müller cell densities range between some 13,000 mm-2 in the periphery and about 20,000 mm-2 in the retinal center. Neuron:(Müller)glial cell ratios were estimated to be 7.9:1 in the center and 6.2:1 in the periphery. For each Müller cell, about 1.5 (cone) photoreceptor cells, four or five interneurons of the inner nuclear layer, and about one cell of the ganglion cell layer were counted. This is a much lower number of neurons per Müller cell than in most other mammals studied.

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Regional variations in glia and neuropil within the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus

Cited by 23 publications

References 55 publications

Neural Plasticity in Schizophrenia

Neural Plasticity in Schizophrenia

Projections of oestrogen‐sensitive neurones from the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus of the female rat.

Müller glial cells of the tree shrew retina

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