Regional variations in allergen‐induced airway inflammation correspond to changes in soluble guanylyl cyclase heme and expression of heme oxygenase‐1

Abstract

Asthma is characterized by airway remodeling and hyperreactivity. Our earlier studies determined that the nitric oxide (NO)–soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)–cGMP pathway plays a significant role in human lung bronchodilation. However, this bronchodilation is dysfunctional in asthma due to high NO levels, which cause sGC to become heme‐free and desensitized to its natural activator, NO. In order to determine how asthma impacts the various lung segments/lobes, we mapped the inflammatory regions of lungs to determine whether such regions coincided with molecular signatures of sGC dysfunction. We demonstrate using murine models of asthma (OVA and CFA/HDM) that the inflamed segments of these murine lungs can be tracked by upregulated expression of HO1 and these regions in turn overlap with regions of heme‐free sGC as evidenced by a decreased sGC‐α1β1 heterodimer and an increased response to heme‐independent sGC activator, BAY 60‐2770, relative to naïve uninflamed regions. We also find that NO generated from iNOS upregulation in the inflamed segments has a higher impact on developing heme‐free sGC as increasing iNOS activity correlates linearly with elevated heme‐independent sGC activation. This excess NO works by affecting the epithelial lung hemoglobin (Hb) to become heme‐free in asthma, thereby causing the Hb to lose its NO scavenging function and exposing the underlying smooth muscle sGC to excess NO, which in turn becomes heme‐free. Recognition of these specific lung segments enhances our understanding of the inflamed lungs in asthma with the ultimate aim to evaluate potential therapies and suggest that regional and not global inflammation impacts lung function in asthma.