Regional variation in content, composition and organization of porcine epithelial barrier lipids revealed by thin-layer chromatography and transmission electron microscopy

Law, S. L.; Wertz, Philip W.; Swartzendruber, D. C.; Squier, Christopher A.

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(95)00091-7

Cited by 154 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In accordance with this expectation, the permeability of oral stratum corneum is an order of magnitude greater than that of epidermal stratum corneum [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Structures of the Ceramides from Porcine Palatal Stratum Corneum

Hill

Wertz

2009

Lipids

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Ceramides are the major type of lipid found in stratum corneum from the skin, gingiva and hard palate. The present study examined the ceramides of the stratum corneum from the hard palate. Six fractions of ceramides were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The least polar fraction contained an unusual acyl ceramide (EOS) consisting of long x-hydroxy acids amide-linked to sphingosine with mostly saturated fatty acids ester-linked to the x-hydroxyl group. The second and third fractions contained normal fatty acids amide-linked to sphingosine (NS) and phytosphingosine (NP), respectively. In each of these ceramides, the fatty acids consisted of a mixture of saturated and monoenoic species. The three most polar fractions all contain amide-linked a-hydroxy acids. The fourth fraction contained long a-hydroxy acids amidelinked to sphingosine (ASl), while the fifth fraction contained short a-hydroxy acids amide-linked to sphingosine (ASs). The most polar ceramide contained a-hydroxy acids amide-linked to phytosphingosine (AP). EOS, NS and NP differed from their epidermal counterparts in terms of the compositions of the normal fatty acids. ASl, ASs and AP from palatal stratum corneum were essentially identical to their epidermal counterparts. The differences between palatal and epidermal EOS, NS and NP contribute to the differences in permeability of palate compared to skin.

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“…In accordance with this expectation, the permeability of oral stratum corneum is an order of magnitude greater than that of epidermal stratum corneum [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Structures of the Ceramides from Porcine Palatal Stratum Corneum

Hill

Wertz

2009

Lipids

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“…Therefore, fibroblasts, the dominant cell type in connective tissues, are necessary. However, fibroblasts are not a Law et al [1995]. **Significantly different than appropriate control epithelium P Ͻ 0.01.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The amount and type of ceramides present in the stratum corneum are important for barrier function, which differs between the dry skin and the wet oral mucosa (Wertz and Downing, 1991;Wertz, 1992;Wertz et al, 1992). In heterotypic combination with alveolar fibroblasts, the skin keratinocytes showed a lipid composition somewhere between that of nonkeratinized oral epithelia and that of keratinized epidermis (Law et al, 1995). These data suggest that the type of fibroblast may influence the barrier formed in heterotypic combinations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lipids were extracted successively for 2-hr intervals with chloroform : methanol, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 (Law et al, 1995). The extracts from each combination were dried under a gentle stream of nitrogen and redissolved in 5 ml chloroform : methanol, 2:1, then with 1 ml of 2M KCl added, followed by vigorous shaking, and finally centrifugation at 1000 ϫ g for 5 min.…”

Section: Extraction and Analysis Of Barrier Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The in vivo lipid composition of the epidermis vs. that of the oral mucosal epithelia differs mainly in the amount and type of ceramides percent in the stratum corneum layer Law et al, 1995). To determine whether the type of fibroblast in the underlying engineered connective tissue influenced the formation of the barrier in the overlying epithelial layer, we analyzed the lipid composition in the newly formed stratum corneum of homotypic and heterotypic combinations.…”

Section: Alveolar Fibroblasts Change the Lipid Composition Of The Skimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recapitulation of oral mucosal tissues in long‐term organotypic culture

et al. 2003

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To test the influence of fibroblasts on epithelial morphology and expression of keratinocyte proteins and barrier lipids, we bioengineered homotypic and heterotypic oral mucosae and skin using cultured adult human cells. Fibroblasts were allowed to modify collagen type I gels for 2 weeks before keratinocytes were added. The organotypic cultures were then grown at the air-liquid interface for 4 weeks. In homotypic combinations, epithelial morphology and protein expression closely mimicked those in vivo. In heterotypic combinations, the morphology resembled that in vivo and keratinocytes expressed their typical markers, except when skin keratinocytes were recombined with alveolar fibroblasts; they expressed K19, K4, and K13, which is similar to oral mucosal epithelia rather than to the epidermis. Morphologically, the stratum corneum layers were typical for the epithelial tissues. Grafting the bioengineered cultures to the backs of Nude mice did not change the results, suggesting that our findings are not merely a culture phenomenon. Lipid profiles of the homotypic combinations mimicked the profiles found in the normal epithelial tissues, except that the engineered alveolar epithelium expressed more ceramide 2 than that in vivo. In the heterotypic combinations, keratinocytes appeared to control the lipid profile, except in the combination of skin keratinocytes with alveolar fibroblasts, wherein the ceramide profile appeared to be partly that of alveolar epithelium and partly that of epidermis. These results suggest that cultured adult fibroblasts and keratinocytes are sufficient to recapitulate graftable oral tissues, and, except for alveolar fibroblasts, the type of fibroblast had little influence on keratinocyte differentiation. Anat Rec Part A 270A: 162-174, 2003.

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