“…The goal of the present study is to describe quantitatively, by radiography assisted by digital image processing (DIP), the extent of textural changes of the trabecular network at the ilium and proximal femur in Sansuke, a bipedally trained macaque, compared to data for wild monkeys. As bone structure is highly correlated with habitual activity patterns, especially vigorous activity stimulated by unusual mechanical loadings (Biewener et al 1996;Turner 1998;Ruff et al 2006), and because bipedalism stresses the hip joint differently than during quadrupedalism (Dalstra and Huiskes 1995;Nakatsukasa et al 1995;Beck et al 2005), distinct site-specific structural differences are expected at the coxo-femoral hinge between trained and wild adult Japanese macaques (Macchiarelli et al 2001a; for the knee joint, see Richmond et al 2005). Notably, at the level of the ilium and of the proximal femoral end, we expect to detect (1) an alteration of the normal trabecular pattern as a whole, and (2) some site-specific reinforcements of the network along the ventral aspect of the ilium and the upper portion of the femoral neck expressed by means of strut thickening, cancellous bone densification, and increased anisotropy.…”