Regional Influences on Nutritional Iodine Status of Pregnant Women in Pakistan

Khattak, Rehman Mehmood; Saifullah, Zuhra; Khadija, Ghulam; Fayyaz, Amina; Zaman, Salma; Gul, Mahwish; Khattak, Muhammad Nasir Khan; Schauer, Birgit; Völzke, Henry; Ittermann, Till

doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0267

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In 1999, the prevalence of thyroid goiter was 12.45% in the Guangdong coastal area ( 9 ), which was much higher than our present results. The prevalence in our study was also lower than that in India (13.98%) ( 22 ), Pakistan (25.5%) ( 23 ), and Ethiopia (36.6%) ( 24 ). The implementation of universal salt iodization programs has markedly decreased the prevalence of thyroid goiter in Guangzhou.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

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Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China

Yan

You

Wang

et al. 2021

Endocrine Connections

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Objectives A variety of factors differed between rural and urban areas may further influence iodine status and thyroid structure. Hence, this study compared iodine nutrition, the prevalence of thyroid goiter, and nodules between rural and urban residents in Guangzhou, a southern coastal city of China. Methods A total of 1211 rural residents and 1305 urban residents were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire regarding personal characteristics was administered. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was examined. Ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed to evaluate thyroid goiter and nodules. Multiple logistic analysis was used to identify the potential associated factors. Results The median UIC was significantly lower in rural residents than in urban residents (120.80 μg/L vs 136.00 μg/L, P < 0.001). Although the coverage rate of iodized salt was much higher in rural residents than in urban residents (99.59% vs 97.29%, P < 0.001), the percentages of seafood intake (8.60% vs 29.29%, P < 0.001), iodine-containing drug consumption (0.33% vs 1.24%, P = 0.011), and iodine contrast medium injection (0.58% vs 1.87%, P = 0.004) were lower in rural residents than in urban residents. Both the prevalence of thyroid goiters and nodules was significantly higher in rural residents than in urban residents (goiter: 8.06% vs 1.20%, P < 0.001; nodules: 61.89% vs 55.04%, P = 0.023). Living in rural areas was associated with thyroid goiter (OR 5.114, 95% CI 2.893–9.040, P < 0.001). Conclusions There were differences in iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents in Guangzhou. Differentiated and specialized monitoring is recommended in our area.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

“…The higher prevalence of thyroid goiter in rural residents may be related to a lack of education. Another previous study also reported a correlation between low education and an increased frequency of thyroid goiter [23]. In addition, repeat pregnancies can increase the occurrence of thyroid goiter [16,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China

Yan

You

Wang

et al. 2021

Endocrine Connections

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“…Pakistan is an Iodine deficient country, and pregnant females are at a higher risk of developing iodine deficiency-related thyroid disorders [ 17 ]. Distinguishing factors leading to an iodine-deficient state of the population are lack of awareness, myths relating to the use of iodized salts, and difficult accessibility to supplementation [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trimester-specific reference ranges for thyroid hormones of pregnant females at tertiary care hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan

Mumtaz

Sadiq

Zaki

et al. 2021

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background The significance of investigation for diagnosing and managing thyroid dysfunction in pregnant females has been extensively documented in the medical literature. This study aimed to determine trimester-specific reference ranges for thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) in apparently healthy pregnant women attending tertiary care hospitals in Lahore. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at two tertiary care Hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. In this multi-centric study, 500 pregnant females were initially enrolled from September 2019 to December 2019 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. For measurement of serum FT3, FT4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), and thyroglobulin antibodies, 5 ml of the blood sample was drawn, under aseptic conditions, from each subject using Maglumi 800 chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) system. Results Out of 500 subjects, 23 subjects with positive anti-TPO, 19 subjects with anti-TG antibodies, and 12 subjects due to less volume of serum yielded from whole blood (serum less than 3 ml) were excluded from the analysis. Ten samples were hemolyzed and not included in the analysis. A total of 436 samples were examined for analysis. Of the remaining 436 subjects, 133 (30.5%) were from 1st trimester, 153 (35.1%) from 2nd trimester, and 150 (34.4%) from 3rd trimester. As the data were non-normal, the 2.5th, 50th, and 97.5th percentiles were calculated to express each group's results. Trimester specific range of TSH 0.168-4.294, 0.258-4.584 and 0.341-4.625 mIU/mL, FT31.857-4.408, 1.958-4.621 and 2.025-4.821 pmol/L and FT4 8.815-18.006, 8.306-17.341 and 7.402-17.292 pmol/L. Conclusion In this study, we established a trimester-specific reference range for our local population's thyroid function test. The results of this study have complemented the results of previous studies.

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“…Pakistan is an Iodine de cient country, and pregnant females are at a higher risk of developing iodine de ciency-related thyroid disorders [14]. Distinguishing factors leading to an iodine-de cient state of the population are lack of awareness, myths relating to the use of iodized salts, and di cult accessibility to supplementation [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trimester-Specific Reference Ranges for Thyroid Hormones of Pregnant Females at Tertiary Care Hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan

Asim¹,

Sadiq

Zaki

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: The significance of investigation for diagnosing and managing thyroid dysfunction in pregnant females has been extensively documented in the medical literature. This study aimed to determine trimester-specific reference ranges for thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH), Free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) in apparently healthy pregnant women attending tertiary care hospitals in Lahore. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at two tertiary care Hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. In this multi-centric study, initially, 500 pregnant females were enrolled from September 2019 to December 2019 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. For measurement of serum freeT3, free T4, TSH, anti-TPO, and Thyroglobulin antibodies, 5 ml of the blood sample was drawn, under aseptic conditions, from each subject using Maglumi 800 chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) system. Results: Out of 500 subjects, 23 subjects with positive anti-TPO, 19 subjects with anti-TG antibodies, and 12 subjects due to less volume of serum yielded from whole blood (serum less than 3 ml) were excluded from the analysis. Ten samples were hemolyzed and not included in the analysis. A total of 436 samples were examined for analysis. Of the remaining 436 subjects, 133 (30.5%) were from 1st Trimester, 153 (35.1%) from 2nd Trimester, and 150 (34.4%) from 3rd Trimester. As the data were non-normal, the 2.5th, 50th and 97.5th percentiles were calculated to express each group's results. Trimester specific range of TSH 0.168-4.294, 0.258-4.584 and 0.341-4.625, FT3 1.857-4.408, 1.958-4.621 and 2.025-4.821 pg/mL and FT4 8.815-18.006, 8.306-17.341 and 7.402-17.292 pg/mL. Conclusion: In this study, we established a trimester-specific reference range for our local population's thyroid function test. The results of this study have complemented the results of previous studies.

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Regional Influences on Nutritional Iodine Status of Pregnant Women in Pakistan

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China

Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China

Trimester-specific reference ranges for thyroid hormones of pregnant females at tertiary care hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan

Trimester-Specific Reference Ranges for Thyroid Hormones of Pregnant Females at Tertiary Care Hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan

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