Regional impacts of ultrafine particle emissions from the surface of the Great Lakes

Chung, S. H.; Basarab, B.; VanReken, T. M.

doi:10.5194/acpd-11-16207-2011

Cited by 7 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Although a systematically varying salinity did not have a considerable effect on foam decay for oceanographically relevant salinities (say 30–40 g/kg), even low‐salt concentrations drastically enhance the foaming characteristics of freshwater. This result raises concern on the use of saltwater models to predict bubble‐mediated air‐water interactions in freshwater bodies (see, e.g., Chung et al, ) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Analysis of the Salinity Effect on Air Bubbles Evolution: Laboratory Experiments in a Breaking Wave Analog

Harb

Foroutan

2019

JGR Oceans

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The evolution of air bubbles after breaking waves plays an important role in gas and particle exchange between water bodies and the atmosphere. To improve our understanding of the impacts of salinity on this process, we systematically investigate the effect of salt concentrations ranging from 0 to 40 g/kg on the volume and size distributions of subsurface bubble plumes and surface foams in a laboratory breaking wave analog. Our experimental setup utilizes an intermittent plunging sheet to simulate breaking waves, while two synchronized digital cameras were used to monitor the temporal evolution of bubble plumes and surface foams. We first highlight the importance of plunging sheet intermittency on surface foam evolution. We then show that increasing salinity enhances the entrainment of submillimeter bubbles but has a less significant effect on larger supramillimeter bubbles. We observed that the foam area in saltier waters is consistently higher than that in freshwater throughout the foam decay phase. Furthermore, our investigation of surface bubble sizes shows that salinity has a more distinct effect on smaller (sub 2 mm) than on larger bubbles. This suggests that salinity may have a more pronounced impact on jet than on film drops ejection mechanisms. Finally, we conclude that the change in salinity within the typical oceanographic range is likely not a major factor for bubble-mediated interactions at the water surface during breaking waves. However, even low-salt concentrations greatly alter air entrainment characteristics in freshwater systems. Plain Language SummaryWhen sea waves break, they entrain large volumes of air in the form of bubbles. These bubbles rise up to the surface and burst, ejecting gas and small droplets into the air. This ejection mechanism plays an important role in air quality and climate dynamics. The effect of water salinity on this process is still not well understood. We used an intermittent plunging waterfall inside a laboratory tank and digital cameras to monitor the evolution of bubbles within and at the surface of water. We found that the jet intermittency affects the foam evolution on the surface following the wave-breaking event. Increasing water salinity led to an increase in the entrained bubbles number, and potentially the air volume injected by the breaking waves. We also observed a larger and more persistent foam patch in more saline water than in freshwater. The size of the surface bubbles in the foam patch was also affected by the salinity indicating that the latter affects the bubble-bursting mechanism on the surface. We conclude that water salinity has a measurable effect on the air volume and bubble sizes injected by breaking waves and should be accounted for in future air-sea interactions studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Analysis of the Salinity Effect on Air Bubbles Evolution: Laboratory Experiments in a Breaking Wave Analog

Harb

Foroutan

2019

JGR Oceans

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“…Chung et al. (2011) assumed that the number of droplets emitted should be similar between freshwater and marine surfaces, and the droplet number production does not depend on the lake surface water composition. However, recent work by May et al.…”

Section: Lsa Emissions Parameterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we update the wind‐dependent function used in Chung et al. (2011) by scaling to the laboratory observations of May et al. (2016) for Lake Michigan freshwater and synthetic seawater.…”

Section: Lsa Emissions Parameterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we update the wind-dependent function used in Chung et al (2011) by scaling to the laboratory observations of May et al (2016) for Lake Michigan freshwater and synthetic seawater. The particle number flux parameterization for a marine environment (Geever et al, 2005)…”

Section: Lsa Emissions Parameterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atmospheric aerosols produced by bubble bursting are one of the greatest global sources of atmospheric particulate matter (Andreae & Rosenfeld, 2008; Lewis & Schwartz, 2004). To date, only a few ambient measurements (Axson et al., 2016; May et al., 2018; Olson et al., 2020; Slade et al., 2010) and one modeling study (Chung et al., 2011) have examined the aerosol generation of fresh water, such as the Laurentian Great Lakes. Recent studies have observed the presence of lake spray in clouds (Olson et al., 2019), and observed the size distributions and chemical composition of LSA both in the field and the laboratory (Axson et al., 2016; May et al., 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lake Spray Aerosol Emissions Alter Nitrogen Partitioning in the Great Lakes Region

Amiri‐Farahani

Olson

Neubauer

et al. 2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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We develop an improved, wind‐driven lake spray aerosol (LSA) emissions parameterization that resolves particle size and size‐independent chemical composition, and investigate the impact of these emissions on regional chemistry in the Great Lakes region. We conduct Weather Research and Forecasting model with online Chemistry simulations for November 2015, a time period with high LSA emissions. LSA particles emitted from the surface of the Great Lakes increase particulate normalNnormalO3− by 37% over the Great Lakes and by 13% over land, primarily due to heterogeneous reactions between CaCO3 and HNO3. Cations emitted from lake spray affect the thermodynamic equilibrium, reducing particulate normalNnormalH4+ by 16% over the Great Lakes and by 7% over the surrounding land. This also influences gas‐phase species in the region, decreasing nitric acid by up to 32% over lakes. Overall, these simulations suggest that understanding LSA and its impact on other air pollutants is important for determining health and climate effects in the Great Lakes region.

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Lake Spray Aerosol: A Chemical Signature from Individual Ambient Particles

Axson

May

Colón-Bernal

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Aerosol production from wave breaking on freshwater lakes, including the Laurentian Great Lakes, is poorly understood in comparison to sea spray aerosol (SSA). Aerosols from freshwater have the potential to impact regional climate and public health. Herein, lake spray aerosol (LSA) is defined as aerosol generated from freshwater through bubble bursting, analogous to SSA from seawater. A chemical signature for LSA was determined from measurements of ambient particles collected on the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan during an event (July 6-8, 2015) with wave heights up to 3.1 m. For comparison, surface freshwater was collected, and LSA were generated in the laboratory. Single particle microscopy and mass spectrometry analysis of field and laboratory-generated samples show that LSA particles are primarily calcium (carbonate) with lower concentrations of other inorganic ions and organic material. Laboratory number size distributions show ultrafine and accumulation modes at 53 (±1) and 276 (±8) nm, respectively. This study provides the first chemical signature for LSA. LSA composition is shown to be coupled to Great Lakes water chemistry (Ca(2+) > Mg(2+) > Na(+) > K(+)) and distinct from SSA. Understanding LSA physicochemical properties will improve assessment of LSA impacts on regional air quality, climate, and health.

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Regional impacts of ultrafine particle emissions from the surface of the Great Lakes

Cited by 7 publications

References 50 publications

A Systematic Analysis of the Salinity Effect on Air Bubbles Evolution: Laboratory Experiments in a Breaking Wave Analog

A Systematic Analysis of the Salinity Effect on Air Bubbles Evolution: Laboratory Experiments in a Breaking Wave Analog

Lake Spray Aerosol Emissions Alter Nitrogen Partitioning in the Great Lakes Region

Lake Spray Aerosol: A Chemical Signature from Individual Ambient Particles

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