Regional economics has a long tradition in analytical research and policy modelling, with the aim to enhance our understanding of regional competitiveness conditions and of the emergence, persistence, and mitigation of spatial socio-economic disparities. Unequal regional development in our open economy has prompted a long-lasting debate on the validity and usefulness of economic growth theories in a regional context. This paper aims to review various contributions to regional growth theory and regional policy analysis. It addresses both established regional growth theories and modern growth theories based on, for example, endogenous growth concepts. The paper also broadens the discussion by drawing attention to the importance of network ramifications and environmental sustainability for regional development. It concludes with the formulation of an agenda for future research.