Regional Disparities in the Association between Cereal Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Huang, Lina; Wang, Huijun; Wang, Zhihong; Zhang, Bing; Ding, Gangqiang

doi:10.3390/nu11040764

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Our study revealed that higher plasma DHPPA concentration was associated with lower OR of MetS, which also con rmed previous epidemiological studies used dietary recording methods to estimate whole-grain intake (26)(27)(28)(29). In the Framingham Offspring Cohort, whole-grain intake assessed via 126item Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) was inversely related with the prevalence of MetS (26).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Plasma Alkylresorcinol Metabolite, A Biomarker of Whole-Grain Wheat and Rye Intake, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Whole-grain intake assessed through dietary recording methods has been suggested to be inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in several epidemiological studies. However, limited studies have evaluated the association between whole-grain intake and MetS risk when using objective biomarkers of whole-grain intake. The aim of this study was to examine the association between plasma 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA), a biomarker of whole-grain wheat and rye intake, and MetS risk in a Chinese population.Methods: A case-control study of 667 MetS cases and 667 matched controls was conducted based on baseline data of the Tongji-Ezhou Cohort study. Plasma DHPPA concentrations were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MetS was determined using definition of the Joint Interim Statement.Results: Plasma DHPPA was inversely associated with MetS risk. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, physical activity and education level, the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS across increasing quartiles of plasma DHPPA concentrations were 1 (referent), 0.86 (0.58-1.26), 0.77 (0.52-1.15), and 0.59 (0.39-0.89), respectively. The inverse relation between plasma DHPPA and MetS persisted in stratified analyses according to confounding factors. In addition, the cubic spline analysis revealed a potential nonlinear association between plasma DHPPA and MetS, with a steep reduction in the risk at the lower range of plasma DHPPA concentration.Conclusions: Our study revealed that higher plasma DHPPA concentrations were associated with lower odds of MetS. Our findings provided further evidence to support health benefits of whole grain consumption.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Plasma Alkylresorcinol Metabolite, A Biomarker of Whole-Grain Wheat and Rye Intake, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Northern subjects consumed more sodium from flour products than southern subjects, which may be attributed to northern adults' preference for noodles and bread. A longitudinal study of Chinese adults found that the consumption of flour products in the northern area was more than twice that in the southern area [36]. Thus, for northerners, public health education should be implemented to raise awareness of the effects of sodium in flour products, which will help to reduce the total dietary sodium intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

Fang

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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The present study was done to examine the status of dietary sodium intake and dietary sources of sodium among Chinese adults. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS) 2010-2012. All adults recruited in this study provided complete dietary data on three-day consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combining with the household weighing method. Sodium intake was adjusted for energy to 2000 kcal/day using the residual method. Average sodium intake was 5013 (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 4858, 5168) mg/day, and 92.6% of adults' sodium intake exceeded the standard in the Chinese proposed intake for preventing non-communicable chronic diseases (PI-NCD). The salt added to food was the main contributor to daily sodium intake, representing 69.2% of the total sodium consumption. The proportion of sodium from salt was different in some subgroups. The contribution ranged from 64.8% for those who came from urban areas aged 18-49 years old to 74.7% for those who came from rural areas with education levels of primary school or less, and sodium from soy sauce was the next highest contributor (8.2%). The proportion of the subjects with sodium intake contributed by flour products was higher in the north with 7.1% than the south with 1.4%. The average consumption of sodium among Chinese was more than the recommended amount, and salt was the main source of sodium.

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“…The CHNS and the survey procedure has been described in detail elsewhere [9,10]. Based on the natural boundary of a line along the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, China is divided into North China and South China geographic areas [11]. All the analyses in this study were based on the data from 2009, 2011, and 2015.…”

Section: Study Design and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Dietary Sodium, Potassium, and Sodium to Potassium Ratio with Blood Pressure—Regional Disparities in China

Huang

Wang

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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High dietary sodium and low potassium intake increase blood pressure and risk of hypertension, but whether the relationship between dietary sodium and potassium and risk of hypertension is different in North China and South China remains unclear. We used data from the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and selected 6705 adults who participated in at least two waves in 2009, 2011, and 2015 and had no hypertension in baseline. We performed multiple linear regression analysis and multiple logistic regressions stratified by area for the present study design. Sodium and potassium intake were higher in North China (4343.4 and 1624.8 mg/day, respectively) than in South China (4107.8 and 1516.1 mg/d, respectively) (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression revealed that a positive correlation of sodium intake (β = 0.026, p < 0.05) and ratio of sodium to potassium (Na-K) intake (β = 0.041, p < 0.01) with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found in North China, and the association of sodium, potassium, and Na-K intake ratio with blood pressure was different in South China. Multiple logistic regressions documented a similar significant inverse association between dietary potassium intake and risk of hypertension in both North China and South China (risk ratio (RR): 0.63, 95%CI: 0.50–0.79; RR: 0.80, 95%CI: 0.66–0.98, respectively). The risk of hypertension increased in the fourth quartile of dietary sodium and Na-K intake ratio (RR: 1.20, 95%CI: 1.00–1.44; RR: 1.35, 95%CI: 1.13–1.62, respectively) in North China but no association was observed in South China. The current study indicates a different association of dietary sodium and Na-K intake ratio with systolic blood pressure (SBP), DBP, and risk of hypertension in North China and South China.

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Regional Disparities in the Association between Cereal Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Cited by 28 publications

References 33 publications

Plasma Alkylresorcinol Metabolite, A Biomarker of Whole-Grain Wheat and Rye Intake, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

Plasma Alkylresorcinol Metabolite, A Biomarker of Whole-Grain Wheat and Rye Intake, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

Associations of Dietary Sodium, Potassium, and Sodium to Potassium Ratio with Blood Pressure—Regional Disparities in China

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