Regional Assessment of Produced Water Treatment and Disposal Practices and Research Needs

Lawrence, Alonzo Wm.; Miller, Jeffrey A.; Miller, Daniel; Hayes, Thomas D.

doi:10.2523/29729-ms

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…(TDS) but lower in BTEX concentrations than onshore gas production. Onshore oil production usually results in water with BTEX and TDS concentrations between those of offshore oil and onshore gas production (Lawrence et al 1995;Smith et al 1996;Fillo et al 1992).…”

Section: De-fc26-02nt15461mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Discharge to onshore, coastal, and offshore waters is primarily governed through the Clean Water Act and issuance of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits (Fillo et al 1992). Only those onshore producers who generate a maximum of 10 barrels of oil or associated gas per day, or those who generate effluent of sufficiently high quality for beneficial reuse can be granted NPDES permits for onshore surface discharge (Lawrence et al 1995). In addition to limiting the volume of effluent wasted, these permits also state maximum allowable oil and grease concentrations, metal concentrations, toxicity, and a variety of other parameters.…”

Section: Regulation Of Produced Water Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatment of the produced water that does not currently meet standards for beneficial reuse would allow this wastewater to become a commodity for both producers and residents of waterscarce areas. Lawrence et al (1995) state that future regulations for produced water would require additional treatment for the removal of organic compounds and minerals. Thus, removal of BTEX would be an important step in the treatment of produced water.…”

Section: De-fc26-02nt15461mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Treatment of Produced Water Using a Surfactant Modified Zeolite/Vapor Phase Bioreactor System

Katz¹,

Kinney²,

Bowman³

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Co-produced water from the oil and gas industry accounts for a significant waste stream in the United States. Produced waters typically contain a high total dissolved solids content, dissolved organic constituents such as benzene and toluene, an oil and grease component as well as chemicals added during the oil-production process. It has been estimated that a total of 14 billion barrels of produced water were generated in 2002 from onshore operations (Veil, 2004). Although much of this produced water is disposed via reinjection, environmental and cost considerations can make surface discharge of this water a more practical means of disposal. In addition, reinjection is not always a feasible option because of geographic, economic, or regulatory considerations. In these situations, it may be desirable, and often necessary from a regulatory viewpoint, to treat produced water before discharge. It may also be feasible to treat waters that slightly exceed regulatory limits for re-use in arid or drought-prone areas, rather than losing them to reinjection.

show abstract

Section: De-fc26-02nt15461mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regulation Of Produced Water Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: De-fc26-02nt15461mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Treatment of Produced Water Using a Surfactant Modified Zeolite/Vapor Phase Bioreactor System

Katz¹,

Kinney²,

Bowman³

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is also used in pressure maintenance and improved oil recovery projects. A Model, developed for the Gas Research Institute, (8) showed the cost per barrel for disposal of produced water for deep well injection to range from $0.15/bbl to $3.50/bbl. Such a wide range is caused by whether injection is associated with enhanced oil recovery or with a single purpose salt water disposal well.…”

Section: Water Volumes Neededmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Economic Feasibility of Waterflooding of Low-Pressure Gas Reservoirs

Valjak

Novakovic

Bassiouni

2001

SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractA volumetric gas reservoir reaches its economic limit when the reservoir pressure falls below the level needed to sustain the surface pressure necessary to move the gas through surface facilities and into a pipeline. Compression is considered when economically feasible. Waterflooding of low-pressure gas reservoirs is viable alternative to compression. Waterflooding reserves may in certain cases exceed that of compression. Water displaces gas efficiently because of extremely favorable mobility of low-pressure gas. The incremental recovery depends on the initial reservoir pressure and the pressure at which the waterflooding is implemented. This management option may also be used in conjunction with compression to maintain reservoir pressure, which ensures well unloading, and reduces need for well workover.The economic feasibility of waterflooding depleted gas reservoirs is controlled by the amount of water needed, which is high because of the high gas compressibility. The amount of needed water increases dramatically as the reservoir pressure decreases. Managing this option as a water disposal for the field or nearby fields would be a major additional economic incentive. The injection is not a major cost component, as the water hydraulic head would exceed the reservoir pressure in most cases.The cost of water injection can be eliminated altogether by downhole commingling of high pressure large aquifer with the depleted gas reservoir. This option would require special but simple downhole completion. Water volume supplied by the aquifer can be monitored using reservoir pressure and production data.Studies of actual reservoirs demonstrated the technical and economic feasibility of this management option.

show abstract

“…Due to the harmful constituents remaining in produced water after oil/water separation, members of the industry feel that regulation of all types of produced water disposal will soon become more stringent. Therefore, the need for innovative treatment methods exists (Lawrence et al, 1995). Moreover, many oil and natural gas production operations are located in arid environments, where water is extremely valuable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Produced Waters Using a Surfactant Modified Zeolite/Vapor Phase Bioreactor System

Katz¹,

Kinney²,

Bowman³

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This report summarizes work of this project from October 2003 through March 2004. The major focus of the research was to further investigate BTEX removal from produced water, to quantify metal ion removal from produced water, and to evaluate a a lab-scale vapor phase bioreactor (VPB) for BTEX destruction in off-gases produced during SMZ regeneration. Batch equilibrium sorption studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of semi-volatile organic compounds commonly found in produced water on the sorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) onto surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) and to examine selected metal ion sorption onto SMZ. The sorption of polar semi-volatile organic compounds and metals commonly found in produced water onto SMZ was also investigated. Batch experiments were performed in a synthetic saline solution that mimicked water from a produced water collection facility in Wyoming. Results indicated that increasing concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds increased BTEX sorption. The sorption of phenol compounds could be described by linear isotherms, but the linear partitioning coefficients decreased with increasing pH, especially above the pKa's of the compounds. Linear correlations relating partitioning coefficients of phenol compounds with their respective solubilities and octanol-water partitioning coefficients were developed for data collected at pH 7.2. The sorption of chromate, selenate, and barium in synthetic produced water were also described by Langmuir isotherms. Experiments conducted with a lab-scale vapor phase bioreactor (VPB) packed with foam indicated that this system could achieve high BTEX removal efficiencies once the nutrient delivery system was optimized. The xylene isomers and benzene were found to require the greatest biofilter bed depth for removal. This result suggested that these VOCs would ultimately control the size of the biofilter required for the produced water application. The biofilter recovered rapidly from shutdowns showing that the system was resilient to discontinuous feed conditions therefore provided flexibility on the SMZ regeneration process.

show abstract

Regional Assessment of Produced Water Treatment and Disposal Practices and Research Needs

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Treatment of Produced Water Using a Surfactant Modified Zeolite/Vapor Phase Bioreactor System

Treatment of Produced Water Using a Surfactant Modified Zeolite/Vapor Phase Bioreactor System

Physical and Economic Feasibility of Waterflooding of Low-Pressure Gas Reservoirs

Treatment of Produced Waters Using a Surfactant Modified Zeolite/Vapor Phase Bioreactor System

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About