“…Diversity of the same biological group can show completely different patterns in relation to equivalent ecological gradients between any two regions Alahuhta & Heino, 2013;Alahuhta, Virtala, et al, 2017;Heino, Gr€ onroos, Soininen, Virtanen, & Muotka, 2012;Tonkin, Heino, Sundermann, Haase, & J€ ahnig, 2016). This kind of contrasting diversity patterns can occur because of, for example, different historic legacies, spatial scales, regional species pools, local environmental conditions, biotic relationships and spatial processes (Alahuhta & Heino, 2013;Alahuhta, Hellsten, Kuoppala, & Riihim€ aki, 2016;Heino, Melo, Siqueira, et al, 2015;Jackson, Peres-Neto, & Olden, 2001). This kind of contrasting diversity patterns can occur because of, for example, different historic legacies, spatial scales, regional species pools, local environmental conditions, biotic relationships and spatial processes (Alahuhta & Heino, 2013;Alahuhta, Hellsten, Kuoppala, & Riihim€ aki, 2016;Heino, Melo, Siqueira, et al, 2015;Jackson, Peres-Neto, & Olden, 2001).…”