Regional and age dependent changes in gene expression of Toll-like receptors and key antimicrobial defence molecules throughout the gastrointestinal tract of dairy calves

Malmuthuge, Nilusha; Li, Meiju; Fries, Patrick; Griebel, Philip; Guan, Le Luo

doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.01.010

Cited by 82 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The present study revealed small-intestinal mucosa-specific bacteria that were not identified in other GIT regions, suggesting that such mucosa-specific bacteria may survive mucosal immune defense mechanisms and may be crucial for priming the host mucosal immune system. A previous study investigating the mucosal expression of TLRs along the GIT of 3-week-old calves, using the same mucosal tissue samples, revealed that TLR1, -9, and -10 gene expression was highest in the ileum, followed by the jejunum and then other GIT regions (26). Even though there are regional variations in immune cell distribution throughout the gut (27,28), we speculate that regional differences in the gut bacteria may also contribute to the observed TLR expression pattern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Moreover, the small-intestinal bacterial density was negatively correlated with the mucosal expression of TLRs in the preweaned calves. For example, digesta-associated total bacterial density was negatively correlated with the expression of TLR2 and TLR6 in the jejunum and ileum, respectively, while tissue-associated total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) density was negatively correlated with the expression of TLR2 in the jejunum (26). This hyporesponsiveness of mucosal TLRs to the predominant Gram-positive bacterial population (Firmicutes) present in the small-intestine communities may be a host mechanism to avoid immune responses to commensal microbes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Taxonomic Identification of Commensal Bacteria Associated with the Mucosa and Digesta throughout the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Preweaned Calves

Malmuthuge

Griebel

Guan

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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199

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Bacterial colonization in the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of preweaned calves is very important, since it can influence early development and postweaning performance and health. This study investigated the composition of the bacteria along the GIT (rumen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon) of preweaned bull calves (3 weeks old) using pyrosequencing to understand the segregation of bacteria between the mucosal surface and digesta. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a total of 83 genera belonging to 13 phyla were distributed throughout the GIT of preweaned calves, with the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria predominating. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of selected abundant bacterial genera (Prevotella, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Faecalibacterium) revealed that their prevalence was significantly different among the GIT regions and between mucosa-and digesta-associated communities. Rumens contained the most diverse bacterial population, consisting of 47 genera, including 16 rumen-specific genera, followed by the large intestine and then the small intestine. Bacterial species richness was higher at the mucosal surface than in the local digesta, with the exception of the rumen. The majority of bacteria found on the rumen epithelial surface and within the small intestine could not be identified due to a lack of known genus-level information. Thus, future studies will be required to fully characterize the microbiome during the development of the rumens and the mucosal immune systems of newborn calves. This is the first study to analyze in depth the bacterial composition of the GIT microbiome in preweaned calves, which extends previous findings regarding early rumen colonization and bacterial segregation between mucosa-and digesta-associated microbial communities.T he gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of newborns contain a less diverse microbiome than those of adults, and progressive colonization over time increases this diversity (1). Based on the fecal microbiomes of infants, the pioneer gut bacteria are comprised of facultative anaerobes such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Enterobacteriaceae spp. during the first few days of life (2). These species create the reduced environment that is required for obligate anaerobic gut microbes (3). Besides the facultative anaerobes, anaerobic Bifidobacterium species are also present at high levels in the guts of 1-week-old neonates (3). An increasing number of studies are investigating microbial establishment and the factors influencing this process in newborn livestock, such as dairy calves. A recent study reported a link between the prevalence of Faecalibacterium during the first week of life and body weight gain as well as diarrhea incidences in 4-week-old calves (4). This suggests a potential role for gut bacteria in both animal health and production. Evidence is also emerging that the initial acquisition of and continuous exposure to microbes result in a host-specific gut microbiome, which plays a vital role in the maturation of the mucosa...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic Identification of Commensal Bacteria Associated with the Mucosa and Digesta throughout the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Preweaned Calves

Malmuthuge

Griebel

Guan

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

Self Cite

199

220

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“…As dry feed intake increases, numbers and types of bacteria change from aerobes to anaerobes and facultative anaerobes (Davis and Drackley, 1998), and typical adult populations, including cellulolytics, become established by 2-3 weeks after dry feed intake begins (Greenwood et al, 1997). The establishment and activity of the rumen microbes is an essential factor in the development of the rumen epithelium (Malmuthuge et al, 2012). Also, it has been reported a regression of rumen development occurs when calves were changed from a solid diet and milk replacer to a solely milk/milk replacer diet (Fig 2).…”

Section: C) Microbial Colonization -mentioning

confidence: 96%

Nutritional drivers of rumen development: A review

Gupta

Khan

Rastogi

et al. 2016

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Proper development of the rumen is an imperative chore that can be controlled to benefit both the calf and producer. The process of rumen development can be enhanced with right nutrition and management that can reduce the cost of raising a calf. Important considerations in regard to nutrition at the time of rumen growth (birth to approximately three months) can lead to faster rumen development and better growth rate of neonatal calves. Additionally, calves with well developed rumen at weaning are less susceptible to diseases and gain more body weight with lower management and labor costs. Therefore present review discusses the different nutritional factors affecting earlier rumen development.

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“…PCR amplification of cDNA was completed using primers for TLRs 1-10 [13,14]. For IL-17RA, sequences were obtained from NCBI (XM_002683626.2) and primers were designed using NCBI primer designer software: forward primer 5'-GTGCCCGACTGCAAGGACCC-3' , reverse 5'-CTGGGTGGCTTCCTGTGCGG-3' , 250 bp product size.…”

Section: Toll-like Receptor and Il-17a Receptor Subunit A Gene Expresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Product sizes were compared to a 100 bp ladder, and products of each reaction were confirmed once by sequencing. Pooled cDNA from mesenteric lymph node and ileum obtained from a healthy Holstein calf were used as positive controls for the TLR gene expression study, because these tissues were previously shown to express all 10 bovine TLRs [13]. Negative controls consisted of PCR reactions that included receptor-specific primer pairs but contained no template cDNA.…”

Section: Toll-like Receptor and Il-17a Receptor Subunit A Gene Expresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of innate immune agonists for induction of tracheal antimicrobial peptide gene expression in tracheal epithelial cells of cattle

Berghuis

Abd-Elaziz

Bierworth

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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Bovine respiratory disease is a complex of bacterial and viral infections of economic and welfare importance to the beef industry. Although tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) has microbicidal activity against bacterial pathogens causing bovine respiratory disease, risk factors for bovine respiratory disease including BVDV and stress (glucocorticoids) have been shown to inhibit the induced expression of this gene. Lipopolysaccharide is known to stimulate TAP gene expression, but the maximum effect is only observed after 16 h of stimulation. The present study investigated other agonists of TAP gene expression in primary cultures of bovine tracheal epithelial cells.

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Regional and age dependent changes in gene expression of Toll-like receptors and key antimicrobial defence molecules throughout the gastrointestinal tract of dairy calves

Cited by 82 publications

References 35 publications

Taxonomic Identification of Commensal Bacteria Associated with the Mucosa and Digesta throughout the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Preweaned Calves

Taxonomic Identification of Commensal Bacteria Associated with the Mucosa and Digesta throughout the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Preweaned Calves

Nutritional drivers of rumen development: A review

Comparison of innate immune agonists for induction of tracheal antimicrobial peptide gene expression in tracheal epithelial cells of cattle

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