Régészeti és történeti adatok a kora Árpád-kori bizánci-bolgár-magyar egyházi kapcsolatokhoz

Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin

“…Hampel’s Group A was identified with the leading and middle class of the conquerors, and, in connection with Hampel’s Group B, he assumed that they were the findings of the commoner people of the 11th century who were mostly of Hungarian origin but often mixed with other ethnicities (e.g., in the peripheral areas). However, the analysis of the archeological material related to the large-scale excavations of the second half of the 20th century already highlighted the problems of the method and its categories (e.g., [ 42 ]); Szőke’s system was used until the last decades to classify individual burials and cemeteries. In addition to the fact that international research has shown that it is not possible, or very difficult, to distinguish legal and social categories using archeological methods alone [ 43 , 44 ], the social categories have not been sufficiently defined, so, in the field of practice, cemeteries were classified in a highly subjective way.…”

“…On the other hand, the size of the cemetery significantly influenced the evaluation of the findings (e.g., the presence of 3–4 graves with horse-riding- and weapon-related grave goods in a cemetery of 10–20 graves already elevated the given cemetery to the middle class; however, the same ratio in a cemetery composed of 100 graves resulted in the site being classified as a commoner cemetery). However, based on the most recent investigations, only a low percentage of the 10th century cemeteries can be considered as fully excavated, often resulting in erroneous conclusions [ 42 ]. In addition, the cemeteries frequently contained a mix of “rich” and “poor” grave goods or even burials without known grave goods, which draws attention to the fact that a cemetery may not necessarily correspond to a particular social category.…”

“…The other main group, the village cemeteries, was characterized by a larger number of graves of 50–200 and above, and their use can be traced back to the 10th, 10–11th, and 10–12th centuries, depending on the sub-type. In connection with the grouping, it may be a problem to separate the 10th century quarter type and the 10th century village type, as there are overlaps based on the time of use and the number of graves, so sometimes the richness and quality of the finds may make the difference [ 42 ], but problems with the representational value and symbolic aspects of the objects [ 47 , 48 ] may mislead the conclusions. Questions arise relating to the evaluation of cemeteries dating from the 10th century which were in use through the 11–12th centuries, because based on the written sources concerning the period of the foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom and the early Árpádian age, as well as the results of micro-regional archeological research, significant internal population movements and organized settlements must be taken into account.…”

“…Questions arise relating to the evaluation of cemeteries dating from the 10th century which were in use through the 11–12th centuries, because based on the written sources concerning the period of the foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom and the early Árpádian age, as well as the results of micro-regional archeological research, significant internal population movements and organized settlements must be taken into account. With the help of archeological methods alone, it is not possible to determine beyond any doubt whether the 10th century and later cemetery parts are contiguous with each other or whether a population change has taken place in the meantime [ 42 ]. However, this can also significantly affect the grouping of cemeteries (e.g., a site can be assessed either as a larger 10–11th century village cemetery or as separately having a 10th century quarter/village cemetery and a 11th century village cemetery).…”

A korai magyarság első találkozásai a kereszténységgel • The Ancient Hungarians’ First Encounters with Christianity

“…A keresztény liturgia azonosítható épületmaradványai és tárgyi emlékei hiányában a régészeti kutatás elsősorban olyan tárgyak és temetkezési szokások vizsgálatán keresztül kísérelhet meg bepillantást nyerni a Kárpát-medence 10. századi lakosainak vallási elképzeléseibe, melyek értelmezése körül nem alakult ki egyetértés a szakemberek között (ez eket a korábbi irodalommal részletesen áttekinti: Révész, 2011). E fenntartásokat a legegyértelműbben a 10-11. századi temetkezésekből napvilágra került mellkeresztek megítélése szemlélteti.…”