Regenerative Engineering of Cartilage Using Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Abstract

Injury to the articular cartilage occurs commonly in the general population and undergoes minimal spontaneous healing. Traditional methods of cartilage repair provide no long-term cure and are significant causes of morbidity. For this reason, stem cell therapies have recently been investigated for their ability to regenerate cartilage, and the results have been promising. Since the discovery that adipose tissue is a major source of mesenchymal stem cells in 2001, scientists have been studying the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) for the treatment of various disorders including lesions of the articular cartilage. ASCs hold several advantages over autologous chondrocytes for cartilage repair, including but not limited to their anti-inflammatory effects, their multi-lineage differentiation potential, and their ability to form new cartilage in a defect. Whereas several investigations have been made in in vitro and animal models, there have been surprisingly little clinical studies on the intra-articular use of adipose-derived stem cells, despite their first isolation about a decade and a half ago. The few studies that have been conducted are encouraging. With approval for various stem cell therapies on the horizon, this review seeks to update the clinician and the researcher on the current state-of-the-art use of adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of cartilage disorders and the regenerative engineering of cartilaginous tissue.

Development of kartogenin-conjugated chitosan–hyaluronic acid hydrogel for nucleus pulposus regeneration

“…These cells have been widely investigated for use in cartilage and other tissue regeneration. [24][25][26] ADSCs showed good morphology and strong proliferation ability in CS/HA hydrogels. Incorporation of ADSCs into the CS/HA hydrogel may aid ADSC proliferation and NP differentiation since native NP cells prefer to live in a three dimensional microenvironment.…”

Poly (lactic acid)-based biomaterials for orthopaedic regenerative engineering

“…A significant challenge has been to develop suitable carriers to deliver these cells to the injury site to take advantage of their healing potential. Likewise, controlling and tracking the fate of stem cells once delivered are other significant challenges [125]. Beyond its traditional application in tissue engineering, PLA biomaterials offer tremendous potential for use in the regenerative engineering of orthopaedic tissue via innovative application with advanced material fabrication processes, stem cells, and understanding from developmental biology.…”

Mummy Material Can Promote Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells into Osteoblast through Enhancement of Bone Specific Transcription Factors Expression

“… 7 Among different sources, adipose tissue has been introduced as a suitable candidate because of its wide distribution through the body, easy access, less morbidity and great number of stem cells which can be extracted from it. 8 During embryonic development, osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells. Osteogenic differentiation of these cells is regulated by different specific transcription factors such as osterix and RUNX-2(Runt-related transcription factor-2).…”