Regeneration of Starfish Radial Nerve Cord restores animal mobility and unveils a new coelomocyte population

Abstract

The potential to regenerate a damaged body part is expressed to a different extent in animals. Echinoderms, in particular starfish, are known for their outstanding potential to regenerate cell, tissue, organ, and body parts. For instance, humans have restricted abilities to restore organ systems being dependent on limited sources of stem cells. In particular, the potential to regenerate the central nervous system is extremely limited, explaining the lack of natural mechanisms that could overcome the development of neurodegenerative diseases and the presence of traumatisms. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of regeneration in starfish could lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches in humans. In this study, we tackle the problem of starfish central nervous system regeneration by examining anatomical and behavioral traits, including external anatomic anomalies, the dynamics of coelomocytes populations and neuronal tissue architecture. We noticed that several anatomic anomalies were evident and detected that the injured arm could not be used anymore to lead the starfish movement. Those seem to be related to defense mechanisms and protection of the wound. In particular, histology showed that tissue patterns during regeneration resemble those described in holothurians and in starfish arm tip regeneration. Flow cytometry coupled with imaging flow cytometry unveiled a new coelomocyte population during the late phase of the regeneration process. Morphotypes of previously characterized coelomocytes populations were described based on IFC data. Further studies of this new coelomocyte population might provide insights on their involvement in radial nerve cord regeneration.