Regeneration of articular cartilage using adipose stem cells

Abstract

Articular cartilage (AC) has limited potential for self-regeneration and damage to AC eventually leads to the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Cell implantation strategies have emerged as a new treatment modality to regenerate AC. Adipose stem cells/adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have gained attention due to their abundance, excellent proliferative potential, and minimal morbidity during harvest. These advantages lower the cost of cell therapy by circumventing time-consuming procedure of culture expansion. ASCs have drawn attention as a potential source for cartilage regeneration since the feasibility of chondrogenesis from ASCs was first reported. After several groups reported inferior chondrogenesis from ASCs, numerous methods were devised to overcome the intrinsic properties. Most in vivo animal studies have reported good results using predifferentiated or undifferentiated, autologous or allogeneic ASCs to regenerate cartilage in osteochondral defects or surgically-induced OA. In this review, we summarize literature on the isolation and in vitro differentiation processes of ASCs, in vivo studies to regenerate AC in osteochondral defects and OA using ASCs, and clinical applications of ASCs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1830-1844, 2016.

Exosomes derived from miR-140-5p-overexpressing human synovial mesenchymal stem cells enhance cartilage tissue regeneration and prevent osteoarthritis of the knee in a rat model

“…The limited potential of articular cartilage for self-regeneration has been attributed to the fact that it is difficult for cells to access the injured site due to the inability of adjacent articular chondrocytes to migrate and produce matrix 55. In our study, SMSC-Exos promoted chondrocyte proliferation and migration, which are inhibited in OA 56.…”

Variation in Osteogenic Differentiation Capacities of Adiposederived Stromal Cells by Anatomic Depot

“…In terms of future direction of ASC therapy, with its discovery nearly 16 years ago, research in ASC application has made significant progress to provide for a promising stem cell therapy tool [95] and interest continues to increase. Regenerative applications of ASC are not limited to bone; ASC have been applied to cartilage repair [97] , cardiovascular regeneration [98] , and even hair [99] among other tissue types. With such versatility to repair and regenerate various tissue types, therapies using ASC has offered a paradigm shift that may provide an alternative solution to numerous diseases.…”

Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell based therapy for osteoarthritis

“…They release important cytokines such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFB), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as other cytokines and new cartilage proteins that are essential in combating OA and degenerative processes. It has also been suggested that stem cells could release cytokines and proteins that could help combat neurogenic pain, which would have numerous benefits in treating OA pain [40,42]. Further research needs to be done in order to better understand stem cells mechanism of action in regard to their immunomodulatory, differentiating, paracrine, regenerative, and anti-inflammatory abilities as well as their cellular trafficking mechanisms.…”