Regeneration from hyaline cysts of Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a red tide organism along the Korean coast

Environmental and Physical Controls on the Formation and Transport of Blooms of the Dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef in the Lower Chesapeake Bay and Its Tributaries

“…As the bloom dissipated during 2008, it was observed that C. polykrikoides cells aggregated and blanketed the bottom. While the triggers for encystment and excystment for this species are still poorly understood, hyaline cysts of C. polykrikoides were observed to form from motile unarmored planktonic cells, and these hyaline cysts subsequently regenerated into motile cells after up to 6 months of storage in the dark at 4°C (Kim et al 2002), suggesting that C. polykrikoides form hyaline cysts as an over wintering strategy. Resting cysts produced from armored motile cells were observed in culture under laboratory conditions, and were also found in Korean coastal sediments near areas where blooms occur (Kim et al 2007).…”

Understanding Causes and Impacts of the Dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Blooms in the Chesapeake Bay

“…polykrikoides (Matsuoka and Fukuyo 2000). Cysts were successfully regenerated from motile cells produced in the laboratory from hyaline cysts of C. polykrikoides cells collected from Korean coastal water, after a 6-month storage at 4°C (Kim et al 2002). More recently, Kim et al (2007) observed resting cysts of C. polykrikoides strains from Korean coastal waters in both laboratory cultures and field samples.…”

The presence of the potentially toxic genera Ostreopsis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) in the North Aegean Sea, Greece

“…The red bodies observed in both O. ovata and C. monotis field cells in combination with their absence or low abundance levels at low water temperatures during winter could possibly reflect the presence of a resting and/or temporary cyst in their life cycle as suggested for other dinoflagellates (Faust, 1992;Garcés et al, 1998;Kim et al, 2002). A sexually produced resting cyst has been described for C. monotis by Faust (1992); however, for Ostreopsis species (O. siamensis) there is only one reference (Pearce et al, 2001) about a resting stage in laboratory conditions, while something similar has never been observed in field.…”