“…For instance, benzimidazole-resistant nematodes have been detected in free-living populations of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus , living in sympatry with livestock (Chintoan-Uta et al, 2014; Nagy et al, 2017). To date, the role of wild ungulates in the epidemiology of resistant nematodes remains to be determined, but it has been suggested that wildlife may act as a reservoir of resistant nematodes for livestock (Brown et al, 2022; Chintoan-Uta et al, 2014; Francis and Šlapeta, 2023; Laca Megyesi et al, 2019; Walker and Morgan, 2014). However, to accurately evaluate the potential role of wildlife as reservoirs for anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal nematodes, we need to investigate the presence of resistant nematodes in co-grazing wild and domestic ungulates in different contexts, (i.e., different host species, different landscapes, and under different climatic conditions).…”