Refugees, Europe, Camps/State of Exception: "Into The Zone", the European Union and Extraterritorial Processing of Migrants, Refugees, and Asylum-seekers (Theories and Practice)

There and Back Again: On the Diffusion of Immigration Detention

“…For instance, at the same time that human rights norms appear to have helped motivate states to externalize detention efforts, they may have also worked to limit the extent to which states pursue such efforts, as Levy (2010) argues has been the case with the EU and its failure to agree on a community-wide offshore processing policy. Insofar as this is the case, it underscores a broader argument that has been described in other writings by this author-that normative pressure has generated a schizophrenic response by liberal democracies with respect to their immigration detention regimes (see Flynn 2013).…”

The North African Revolutions: A Chance to Rethink European Externalization of the Handling of Non-EU Migrant Inflows

“…This potential violation of international migration conventions would be aggravated if the intercepted migrants were sent back to unsafe countries (that is, a nonrefoulement violation would occur). The EU's externalization/outsourcing strategy could be criticized for playing into—and potentially enabling—repressive practices of autocratic regimes and chaotic states with sub‐European standards and means for managing migrant populations, or, even worse, records of willful violation of human rights (both of migrants and natives) and inadequate domestic and international political accountability (including failure to ratify the 1951 Geneva Convention on Refugees). For example, irregular migrants deported from EU territory to TPCs under readmission agreements could face human rights violations, especially if their deportation were to a transit country (not their country of origin) in which they would be detained by local authorities (Conflitti globali ; Hyndman and Mountz ; Levy ; Migreurop ). In Libya and Ukraine, for instance, there have been recent credible reports of abusive detention conditions for migrants, and the fear is that along the EU neighborhood area migrant holding centers and processing camps could be legal black holes offering little human rights protections to their detainees returned from Europe (Human Rights Watch ; Human Rights Watch 2010; Flynn and Cannon ; Levy ).…”

“…For example, irregular migrants deported from EU territory to TPCs under readmission agreements could face human rights violations, especially if their deportation were to a transit country (not their country of origin) in which they would be detained by local authorities (Conflitti globali ; Hyndman and Mountz ; Levy ; Migreurop ). In Libya and Ukraine, for instance, there have been recent credible reports of abusive detention conditions for migrants, and the fear is that along the EU neighborhood area migrant holding centers and processing camps could be legal black holes offering little human rights protections to their detainees returned from Europe (Human Rights Watch ; Human Rights Watch 2010; Flynn and Cannon ; Levy ). Indeed, the immediate EU neighborhood contains numerous migrant detention centers and processing camps that hold irregular migrants deported from EU territory (Maps , available in the online Appendix).…”

“…In particular, both scholars and human/immigrant rights groups have targeted an intention to develop formal and informal cooperation deals between the EU and TPCs. Generally, these deals are charged with attempting to reduce irregular migration and asylum seeking by externalizing the handling of migrants in a way that would expose them to serious mistreatment and possible denial of asylum‐seeking rights under international conventions (Aragall ; Flynn and Cannon ; Levy ; Voix des Exiles ).…”

Policing the Desert: The IOM in Libya Beyond War and Peace

“…On the externalization and the extra‐territorialization of the European migration and asylum policies, see Boswell (), Goodwin‐Gill (), Levy (), Migreurop (). See also the papers aforementioned on Frontex.…”